using System;
using System.Buffers;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.IO.Compression;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Spectre.Console;
using StellaOps.Auth.Client;
using StellaOps.Cli.Configuration;
using StellaOps.Cli.Prompts;
using StellaOps.Cli.Services;
using StellaOps.Cli.Services.Models;
using StellaOps.Cli.Telemetry;
using StellaOps.Cryptography;

namespace StellaOps.Cli.Commands;

internal static class CommandHandlers
{
    public static async Task HandleScannerDownloadAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string channel,
        string? output,
        bool overwrite,
        bool install,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("scanner-download");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.scanner.download", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "scanner download");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.channel", channel);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("scanner download");

        try
        {
            var result = await client.DownloadScannerAsync(channel, output ?? string.Empty, overwrite, verbose, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (result.FromCache)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Using cached scanner at {Path}.", result.Path);
            }
            else
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Scanner downloaded to {Path} ({Size} bytes).", result.Path, result.SizeBytes);
            }

            CliMetrics.RecordScannerDownload(channel, result.FromCache);

            if (install)
            {
                var installer = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IScannerInstaller>();
                await installer.InstallAsync(result.Path, verbose, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                CliMetrics.RecordScannerInstall(channel);
            }

            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to download scanner bundle.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleScannerRunAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string runner,
        string entry,
        string targetDirectory,
        IReadOnlyList<string> arguments,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var executor = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IScannerExecutor>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("scanner-run");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.scan.run", ActivityKind.Internal);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "scan run");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.runner", runner);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.entry", entry);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.target", targetDirectory);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("scan run");

        try
        {
            var options = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<StellaOpsCliOptions>();
            var resultsDirectory = options.ResultsDirectory;

            var executionResult = await executor.RunAsync(
                runner,
                entry,
                targetDirectory,
                resultsDirectory,
                arguments,
                verbose,
                cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            Environment.ExitCode = executionResult.ExitCode;
            CliMetrics.RecordScanRun(runner, executionResult.ExitCode);

            if (executionResult.ExitCode == 0)
            {
                var backend = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
                logger.LogInformation("Uploading scan artefact {Path}...", executionResult.ResultsPath);
                await backend.UploadScanResultsAsync(executionResult.ResultsPath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                logger.LogInformation("Scan artefact uploaded.");
                activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.results", executionResult.ResultsPath);
            }
            else
            {
                logger.LogWarning("Skipping automatic upload because scan exited with code {Code}.", executionResult.ExitCode);
            }

            logger.LogInformation("Run metadata written to {Path}.", executionResult.RunMetadataPath);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.run_metadata", executionResult.RunMetadataPath);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Scanner execution failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleScanUploadAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string file,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("scanner-upload");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.scan.upload", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "scan upload");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.file", file);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("scan upload");

        try
        {
            var path = Path.GetFullPath(file);
            await client.UploadScanResultsAsync(path, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            logger.LogInformation("Scan results uploaded successfully.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to upload scan results.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleSourcesIngestAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        bool dryRun,
        string source,
        string input,
        string? tenantOverride,
        string format,
        bool disableColor,
        string? output,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("sources-ingest");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;

        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.sources.ingest.dry_run", ActivityKind.Client);
        var statusMetric = "unknown";
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("sources ingest dry-run");

        try
        {
            if (!dryRun)
            {
                statusMetric = "unsupported";
                logger.LogError("Only --dry-run mode is supported for 'stella sources ingest' at this time.");
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            source = source?.Trim() ?? string.Empty;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(source))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Source identifier must be provided.");
            }

            var formatNormalized = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(format)
                ? "table"
                : format.Trim().ToLowerInvariant();

            if (formatNormalized is not ("table" or "json"))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Format must be either 'table' or 'json'.");
            }

            var tenant = ResolveTenant(tenantOverride);
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(tenant))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Tenant must be provided via --tenant or STELLA_TENANT.");
            }

            var payload = await LoadIngestInputAsync(input, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            logger.LogInformation("Executing ingestion dry-run for source {Source} using input {Input}.", source, payload.Name);

            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "sources ingest dry-run");
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.source", source);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.tenant", tenant);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.format", formatNormalized);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.input_kind", payload.Kind);

            var request = new AocIngestDryRunRequest
            {
                Tenant = tenant,
                Source = source,
                Document = new AocIngestDryRunDocument
                {
                    Name = payload.Name,
                    Content = payload.Content,
                    ContentType = payload.ContentType,
                    ContentEncoding = payload.ContentEncoding
                }
            };

            var response = await client.ExecuteAocIngestDryRunAsync(request, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.status", response.Status ?? "unknown");

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(output))
            {
                var outputPath = Path.GetFullPath(output);
                var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(outputPath);
                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(directory))
                {
                    Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
                }

                var jsonReport = JsonSerializer.Serialize(response, new JsonSerializerOptions
                {
                    WriteIndented = true
                });
                await File.WriteAllTextAsync(outputPath, jsonReport, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                logger.LogInformation("Dry-run report written to {Path}.", outputPath);
            }

            if (formatNormalized == "json")
            {
                var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(response, new JsonSerializerOptions
                {
                    WriteIndented = true
                });
                Console.WriteLine(json);
            }
            else
            {
                RenderDryRunTable(response, !disableColor);
            }

            var exitCode = DetermineDryRunExitCode(response);
            Environment.ExitCode = exitCode;
            statusMetric = exitCode == 0 ? "ok" : "violation";
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.exit_code", exitCode);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            statusMetric = "transport_error";
            logger.LogError(ex, "Dry-run ingestion failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 70;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
            CliMetrics.RecordSourcesDryRun(statusMetric);
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleConnectorJobAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string source,
        string stage,
        string? mode,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("db-connector");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.db.fetch", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "db fetch");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.source", source);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.stage", stage);
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(mode))
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.mode", mode);
        }
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("db fetch");

        try
        {
            var jobKind = $"source:{source}:{stage}";
            var parameters = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(mode))
            {
                parameters["mode"] = mode;
            }

            await TriggerJobAsync(client, logger, jobKind, parameters, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Connector job failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleMergeJobAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("db-merge");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.db.merge", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "db merge");
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("db merge");

        try
        {
            await TriggerJobAsync(client, logger, "merge:reconcile", new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Merge job failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleExportJobAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string format,
        bool delta,
        bool? publishFull,
        bool? publishDelta,
        bool? includeFull,
        bool? includeDelta,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("db-export");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.db.export", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "db export");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.format", format);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.delta", delta);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("db export");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.publish_full", publishFull);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.publish_delta", publishDelta);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.include_full", includeFull);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.include_delta", includeDelta);

        try
        {
            var jobKind = format switch
            {
                "trivy-db" or "trivy" => "export:trivy-db",
                _ => "export:json"
            };

            var isTrivy = jobKind == "export:trivy-db";
            if (isTrivy
                && !publishFull.HasValue
                && !publishDelta.HasValue
                && !includeFull.HasValue
                && !includeDelta.HasValue
                && AnsiConsole.Profile.Capabilities.Interactive)
            {
                var overrides = TrivyDbExportPrompt.PromptOverrides();
                publishFull = overrides.publishFull;
                publishDelta = overrides.publishDelta;
                includeFull = overrides.includeFull;
                includeDelta = overrides.includeDelta;
            }

            var parameters = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
            {
                ["delta"] = delta
            };
            if (publishFull.HasValue)
            {
                parameters["publishFull"] = publishFull.Value;
            }
            if (publishDelta.HasValue)
            {
                parameters["publishDelta"] = publishDelta.Value;
            }
            if (includeFull.HasValue)
            {
                parameters["includeFull"] = includeFull.Value;
            }
            if (includeDelta.HasValue)
            {
                parameters["includeDelta"] = includeDelta.Value;
            }

            await TriggerJobAsync(client, logger, jobKind, parameters, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Export job failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static Task HandleExcititorInitAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        IReadOnlyList<string> providers,
        bool resume,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var normalizedProviders = NormalizeProviders(providers);
        var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        if (normalizedProviders.Count > 0)
        {
            payload["providers"] = normalizedProviders;
        }
        if (resume)
        {
            payload["resume"] = true;
        }

        return ExecuteExcititorCommandAsync(
            services,
            commandName: "excititor init",
            verbose,
            new Dictionary<string, object?>
            {
                ["providers"] = normalizedProviders.Count,
                ["resume"] = resume
            },
            client => client.ExecuteExcititorOperationAsync("init", HttpMethod.Post, RemoveNullValues(payload), cancellationToken),
            cancellationToken);
    }

    public static Task HandleExcititorPullAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        IReadOnlyList<string> providers,
        DateTimeOffset? since,
        TimeSpan? window,
        bool force,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var normalizedProviders = NormalizeProviders(providers);
        var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        if (normalizedProviders.Count > 0)
        {
            payload["providers"] = normalizedProviders;
        }
        if (since.HasValue)
        {
            payload["since"] = since.Value.ToUniversalTime().ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        }
        if (window.HasValue)
        {
            payload["window"] = window.Value.ToString("c", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        }
        if (force)
        {
            payload["force"] = true;
        }

        return ExecuteExcititorCommandAsync(
            services,
            commandName: "excititor pull",
            verbose,
            new Dictionary<string, object?>
            {
                ["providers"] = normalizedProviders.Count,
                ["force"] = force,
                ["since"] = since?.ToUniversalTime().ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
                ["window"] = window?.ToString("c", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
            },
            client => client.ExecuteExcititorOperationAsync("ingest/run", HttpMethod.Post, RemoveNullValues(payload), cancellationToken),
            cancellationToken);
    }

    public static Task HandleExcititorResumeAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        IReadOnlyList<string> providers,
        string? checkpoint,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var normalizedProviders = NormalizeProviders(providers);
        var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        if (normalizedProviders.Count > 0)
        {
            payload["providers"] = normalizedProviders;
        }
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(checkpoint))
        {
            payload["checkpoint"] = checkpoint.Trim();
        }

        return ExecuteExcititorCommandAsync(
            services,
            commandName: "excititor resume",
            verbose,
            new Dictionary<string, object?>
            {
                ["providers"] = normalizedProviders.Count,
                ["checkpoint"] = checkpoint
            },
            client => client.ExecuteExcititorOperationAsync("ingest/resume", HttpMethod.Post, RemoveNullValues(payload), cancellationToken),
            cancellationToken);
    }

    public static async Task HandleExcititorListProvidersAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        bool includeDisabled,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("excititor-list-providers");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.excititor.list-providers", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "excititor list-providers");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.include_disabled", includeDisabled);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("excititor list-providers");

        try
        {
            var providers = await client.GetExcititorProvidersAsync(includeDisabled, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
            logger.LogInformation("Providers returned: {Count}", providers.Count);

            if (providers.Count > 0)
            {
                if (AnsiConsole.Profile.Capabilities.Interactive)
                {
                    var table = new Table().Border(TableBorder.Rounded).AddColumns("Provider", "Kind", "Trust", "Enabled", "Last Ingested");
                    foreach (var provider in providers)
                    {
                        table.AddRow(
                            provider.Id,
                            provider.Kind,
                            string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(provider.TrustTier) ? "-" : provider.TrustTier,
                            provider.Enabled ? "yes" : "no",
                            provider.LastIngestedAt?.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss 'UTC'", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) ?? "unknown");
                    }

                    AnsiConsole.Write(table);
                }
                else
                {
                    foreach (var provider in providers)
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("{ProviderId} [{Kind}] Enabled={Enabled} Trust={Trust} LastIngested={LastIngested}",
                            provider.Id,
                            provider.Kind,
                            provider.Enabled ? "yes" : "no",
                            string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(provider.TrustTier) ? "-" : provider.TrustTier,
                            provider.LastIngestedAt?.ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) ?? "unknown");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to list Excititor providers.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleExcititorExportAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string format,
        bool delta,
        string? scope,
        DateTimeOffset? since,
        string? provider,
        string? outputPath,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scopeHandle = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scopeHandle.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scopeHandle.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("excititor-export");
        var options = scopeHandle.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<StellaOpsCliOptions>();
        var verbosity = scopeHandle.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.excititor.export", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "excititor export");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.format", format);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.delta", delta);
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(scope))
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.scope", scope);
        }
        if (since.HasValue)
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.since", since.Value.ToUniversalTime().ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(provider))
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.provider", provider);
        }
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outputPath))
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.output", outputPath);
        }
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("excititor export");

        try
        {
            var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
            {
                ["format"] = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(format) ? "openvex" : format.Trim(),
                ["delta"] = delta
            };

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(scope))
            {
                payload["scope"] = scope.Trim();
            }
            if (since.HasValue)
            {
                payload["since"] = since.Value.ToUniversalTime().ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            }
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(provider))
            {
                payload["provider"] = provider.Trim();
            }

            var result = await client.ExecuteExcititorOperationAsync(
                "export",
                HttpMethod.Post,
                RemoveNullValues(payload),
                cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (!result.Success)
            {
                logger.LogError(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Message) ? "Excititor export failed." : result.Message);
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            Environment.ExitCode = 0;

            var manifest = TryParseExportManifest(result.Payload);
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Message)
                && (manifest is null || !string.Equals(result.Message, "ok", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
            {
                logger.LogInformation(result.Message);
            }

            if (manifest is not null)
            {
                activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.export_id", manifest.ExportId);
                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(manifest.Format))
                {
                    activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.export_format", manifest.Format);
                }
                if (manifest.FromCache.HasValue)
                {
                    activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.export_cached", manifest.FromCache.Value);
                }
                if (manifest.SizeBytes.HasValue)
                {
                    activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.export_size", manifest.SizeBytes.Value);
                }

                if (manifest.FromCache == true)
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Reusing cached export {ExportId} ({Format}).", manifest.ExportId, manifest.Format ?? "unknown");
                }
                else
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Export ready: {ExportId} ({Format}).", manifest.ExportId, manifest.Format ?? "unknown");
                }

                if (manifest.CreatedAt.HasValue)
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Created at {CreatedAt}.", manifest.CreatedAt.Value.ToString("u", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                }

                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(manifest.Digest))
                {
                    var digestDisplay = BuildDigestDisplay(manifest.Algorithm, manifest.Digest);
                    if (manifest.SizeBytes.HasValue)
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Digest {Digest} ({Size}).", digestDisplay, FormatSize(manifest.SizeBytes.Value));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Digest {Digest}.", digestDisplay);
                    }
                }

                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(manifest.RekorLocation))
                {
                    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(manifest.RekorIndex))
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Rekor entry: {Location} (index {Index}).", manifest.RekorLocation, manifest.RekorIndex);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Rekor entry: {Location}.", manifest.RekorLocation);
                    }
                }

                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(manifest.RekorInclusionUrl)
                    && !string.Equals(manifest.RekorInclusionUrl, manifest.RekorLocation, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Rekor inclusion proof: {Url}.", manifest.RekorInclusionUrl);
                }

                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outputPath))
                {
                    var resolvedPath = ResolveExportOutputPath(outputPath!, manifest);
                    var download = await client.DownloadExcititorExportAsync(
                        manifest.ExportId,
                        resolvedPath,
                        manifest.Algorithm,
                        manifest.Digest,
                        cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

                    activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.export_path", download.Path);

                    if (download.FromCache)
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Export already cached at {Path} ({Size}).", download.Path, FormatSize(download.SizeBytes));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Export saved to {Path} ({Size}).", download.Path, FormatSize(download.SizeBytes));
                    }
                }
                else if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Location))
                {
                    var downloadUrl = ResolveLocationUrl(options, result.Location);
                    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(downloadUrl))
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Download URL: {Url}", downloadUrl);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Download location: {Location}", result.Location);
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Location))
                {
                    var downloadUrl = ResolveLocationUrl(options, result.Location);
                    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(downloadUrl))
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Download URL: {Url}", downloadUrl);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        logger.LogInformation("Location: {Location}", result.Location);
                    }
                }
                else if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Message))
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Export request accepted.");
                }
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Excititor export failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static Task HandleExcititorBackfillStatementsAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        DateTimeOffset? retrievedSince,
        bool force,
        int batchSize,
        int? maxDocuments,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        if (batchSize <= 0)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(batchSize), "Batch size must be greater than zero.");
        }

        if (maxDocuments.HasValue && maxDocuments.Value <= 0)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(maxDocuments), "Max documents must be greater than zero when specified.");
        }

        var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
        {
            ["force"] = force,
            ["batchSize"] = batchSize,
            ["maxDocuments"] = maxDocuments
        };

        if (retrievedSince.HasValue)
        {
            payload["retrievedSince"] = retrievedSince.Value.ToUniversalTime().ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        }

        var activityTags = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
        {
            ["stellaops.cli.force"] = force,
            ["stellaops.cli.batch_size"] = batchSize,
            ["stellaops.cli.max_documents"] = maxDocuments
        };

        if (retrievedSince.HasValue)
        {
            activityTags["stellaops.cli.retrieved_since"] = retrievedSince.Value.ToUniversalTime().ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        }

        return ExecuteExcititorCommandAsync(
            services,
            commandName: "excititor backfill-statements",
            verbose,
            activityTags,
            client => client.ExecuteExcititorOperationAsync(
                "admin/backfill-statements",
                HttpMethod.Post,
                RemoveNullValues(payload),
                cancellationToken),
            cancellationToken);
    }

    public static Task HandleExcititorVerifyAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string? exportId,
        string? digest,
        string? attestationPath,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(exportId) && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(digest) && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(attestationPath))
        {
            var logger = services.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("excititor-verify");
            logger.LogError("At least one of --export-id, --digest, or --attestation must be provided.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }

        var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(exportId))
        {
            payload["exportId"] = exportId.Trim();
        }
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(digest))
        {
            payload["digest"] = digest.Trim();
        }
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(attestationPath))
        {
            var fullPath = Path.GetFullPath(attestationPath);
            if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
            {
                var logger = services.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("excititor-verify");
                logger.LogError("Attestation file not found at {Path}.", fullPath);
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return Task.CompletedTask;
            }

            var bytes = File.ReadAllBytes(fullPath);
            payload["attestation"] = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
            {
                ["fileName"] = Path.GetFileName(fullPath),
                ["base64"] = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes)
            };
        }

        return ExecuteExcititorCommandAsync(
            services,
            commandName: "excititor verify",
            verbose,
            new Dictionary<string, object?>
            {
                ["export_id"] = exportId,
                ["digest"] = digest,
                ["attestation_path"] = attestationPath
            },
            client => client.ExecuteExcititorOperationAsync("verify", HttpMethod.Post, RemoveNullValues(payload), cancellationToken),
            cancellationToken);
    }

    public static Task HandleExcititorReconcileAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        IReadOnlyList<string> providers,
        TimeSpan? maxAge,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var normalizedProviders = NormalizeProviders(providers);
        var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        if (normalizedProviders.Count > 0)
        {
            payload["providers"] = normalizedProviders;
        }
        if (maxAge.HasValue)
        {
            payload["maxAge"] = maxAge.Value.ToString("c", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        }

        return ExecuteExcititorCommandAsync(
            services,
            commandName: "excititor reconcile",
            verbose,
            new Dictionary<string, object?>
            {
                ["providers"] = normalizedProviders.Count,
                ["max_age"] = maxAge?.ToString("c", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
            },
            client => client.ExecuteExcititorOperationAsync("reconcile", HttpMethod.Post, RemoveNullValues(payload), cancellationToken),
            cancellationToken);
    }

    public static async Task HandleRuntimePolicyTestAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string? namespaceValue,
        IReadOnlyList<string> imageArguments,
        string? filePath,
        IReadOnlyList<string> labelArguments,
        bool outputJson,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("runtime-policy-test");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.runtime.policy.test", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "runtime policy test");
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(namespaceValue))
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.namespace", namespaceValue);
        }
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("runtime policy test");

        try
        {
            IReadOnlyList<string> images;
            try
            {
                images = await GatherImageDigestsAsync(imageArguments, filePath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }
            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or ArgumentException or FileNotFoundException)
            {
                logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to gather image digests: {Message}", ex.Message);
                Environment.ExitCode = 9;
                return;
            }

            if (images.Count == 0)
            {
                logger.LogError("No image digests provided. Use --image, --file, or pipe digests via stdin.");
                Environment.ExitCode = 9;
                return;
            }

            IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> labels;
            try
            {
                labels = ParseLabelSelectors(labelArguments);
            }
            catch (ArgumentException ex)
            {
                logger.LogError(ex.Message);
                Environment.ExitCode = 9;
                return;
            }

            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.images", images.Count);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.labels", labels.Count);

            var request = new RuntimePolicyEvaluationRequest(namespaceValue, labels, images);
            var result = await client.EvaluateRuntimePolicyAsync(request, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.ttl_seconds", result.TtlSeconds);
            Environment.ExitCode = 0;

            if (outputJson)
            {
                var json = BuildRuntimePolicyJson(result, images);
                Console.WriteLine(json);
                return;
            }

            if (result.ExpiresAtUtc.HasValue)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Decision TTL: {TtlSeconds}s (expires {ExpiresAt})", result.TtlSeconds, result.ExpiresAtUtc.Value.ToString("u", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
            }
            else
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Decision TTL: {TtlSeconds}s", result.TtlSeconds);
            }

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.PolicyRevision))
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Policy revision: {Revision}", result.PolicyRevision);
            }

            DisplayRuntimePolicyResults(logger, result, images);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Runtime policy evaluation failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleAuthLoginAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        StellaOpsCliOptions options,
        bool verbose,
        bool force,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("auth-login");
        Environment.ExitCode = 0;

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Authority?.Url))
        {
            logger.LogError("Authority URL is not configured. Set STELLAOPS_AUTHORITY_URL or update your configuration.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var tokenClient = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IStellaOpsTokenClient>();
        if (tokenClient is null)
        {
            logger.LogError("Authority client is not available. Ensure AddStellaOpsAuthClient is registered in Program.cs.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var cacheKey = AuthorityTokenUtilities.BuildCacheKey(options);
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(cacheKey))
        {
            logger.LogError("Authority configuration is incomplete; unable to determine cache key.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        try
        {
            if (force)
            {
                await tokenClient.ClearCachedTokenAsync(cacheKey, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            var scopeName = AuthorityTokenUtilities.ResolveScope(options);
            StellaOpsTokenResult token;

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Authority.Username))
            {
                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Authority.Password))
                {
                    logger.LogError("Authority password must be provided when username is configured.");
                    Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                    return;
                }

                token = await tokenClient.RequestPasswordTokenAsync(
                    options.Authority.Username,
                    options.Authority.Password!,
                    scopeName,
                    cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }
            else
            {
                token = await tokenClient.RequestClientCredentialsTokenAsync(scopeName, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            await tokenClient.CacheTokenAsync(cacheKey, token.ToCacheEntry(), cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (verbose)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Authenticated with {Authority} (scopes: {Scopes}).", options.Authority.Url, string.Join(", ", token.Scopes));
            }

            logger.LogInformation("Login successful. Access token expires at {Expires}.", token.ExpiresAtUtc.ToString("u"));
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Authentication failed: {Message}", ex.Message);
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleAuthLogoutAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        StellaOpsCliOptions options,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("auth-logout");
        Environment.ExitCode = 0;

        var tokenClient = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IStellaOpsTokenClient>();
        if (tokenClient is null)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("No authority client registered; nothing to remove.");
            return;
        }

        var cacheKey = AuthorityTokenUtilities.BuildCacheKey(options);
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(cacheKey))
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Authority configuration missing; no cached tokens to remove.");
            return;
        }

        await tokenClient.ClearCachedTokenAsync(cacheKey, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        if (verbose)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Cleared cached token for {Authority}.", options.Authority?.Url ?? "authority");
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleAuthStatusAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        StellaOpsCliOptions options,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("auth-status");
        Environment.ExitCode = 0;

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Authority?.Url))
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Authority URL not configured. Set STELLAOPS_AUTHORITY_URL and run 'auth login'.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var tokenClient = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IStellaOpsTokenClient>();
        if (tokenClient is null)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Authority client not registered; no cached tokens available.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var cacheKey = AuthorityTokenUtilities.BuildCacheKey(options);
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(cacheKey))
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Authority configuration incomplete; no cached tokens available.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var entry = await tokenClient.GetCachedTokenAsync(cacheKey, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        if (entry is null)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("No cached token for {Authority}. Run 'auth login' to authenticate.", options.Authority.Url);
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        logger.LogInformation("Cached token for {Authority} expires at {Expires}.", options.Authority.Url, entry.ExpiresAtUtc.ToString("u"));
        if (verbose)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Scopes: {Scopes}", string.Join(", ", entry.Scopes));
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleAuthWhoAmIAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        StellaOpsCliOptions options,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("auth-whoami");
        Environment.ExitCode = 0;

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Authority?.Url))
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Authority URL not configured. Set STELLAOPS_AUTHORITY_URL and run 'auth login'.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var tokenClient = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IStellaOpsTokenClient>();
        if (tokenClient is null)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Authority client not registered; no cached tokens available.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var cacheKey = AuthorityTokenUtilities.BuildCacheKey(options);
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(cacheKey))
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Authority configuration incomplete; no cached tokens available.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var entry = await tokenClient.GetCachedTokenAsync(cacheKey, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        if (entry is null)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("No cached token for {Authority}. Run 'auth login' to authenticate.", options.Authority.Url);
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            return;
        }

        var grantType = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Authority.Username) ? "client_credentials" : "password";
        var now = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;
        var remaining = entry.ExpiresAtUtc - now;
        if (remaining < TimeSpan.Zero)
        {
            remaining = TimeSpan.Zero;
        }

        logger.LogInformation("Authority: {Authority}", options.Authority.Url);
        logger.LogInformation("Grant type: {GrantType}", grantType);
        logger.LogInformation("Token type: {TokenType}", entry.TokenType);
        logger.LogInformation("Expires: {Expires} ({Remaining})", entry.ExpiresAtUtc.ToString("u"), FormatDuration(remaining));

        if (entry.Scopes.Count > 0)
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Scopes: {Scopes}", string.Join(", ", entry.Scopes));
        }

        if (TryExtractJwtClaims(entry.AccessToken, out var claims, out var issuedAt, out var notBefore))
        {
            if (claims.TryGetValue("sub", out var subject) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(subject))
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Subject: {Subject}", subject);
            }

            if (claims.TryGetValue("client_id", out var clientId) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(clientId))
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Client ID (token): {ClientId}", clientId);
            }

            if (claims.TryGetValue("aud", out var audience) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(audience))
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Audience: {Audience}", audience);
            }

            if (claims.TryGetValue("iss", out var issuer) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(issuer))
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Issuer: {Issuer}", issuer);
            }

            if (issuedAt is not null)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Issued at: {IssuedAt}", issuedAt.Value.ToString("u"));
            }

            if (notBefore is not null)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Not before: {NotBefore}", notBefore.Value.ToString("u"));
            }

            var extraClaims = CollectAdditionalClaims(claims);
            if (extraClaims.Count > 0 && verbose)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Additional claims: {Claims}", string.Join(", ", extraClaims));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Access token appears opaque; claims are unavailable.");
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleAuthRevokeExportAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        StellaOpsCliOptions options,
        string? outputDirectory,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("auth-revoke-export");
        Environment.ExitCode = 0;

        try
        {
            var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IAuthorityRevocationClient>();
            var result = await client.ExportAsync(verbose, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            var directory = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outputDirectory)
                ? Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()
                : Path.GetFullPath(outputDirectory);

            Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);

            var bundlePath = Path.Combine(directory, "revocation-bundle.json");
            var signaturePath = Path.Combine(directory, "revocation-bundle.json.jws");
            var digestPath = Path.Combine(directory, "revocation-bundle.json.sha256");

            await File.WriteAllBytesAsync(bundlePath, result.BundleBytes, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            await File.WriteAllTextAsync(signaturePath, result.Signature, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            await File.WriteAllTextAsync(digestPath, $"sha256:{result.Digest}", cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            var computedDigest = Convert.ToHexString(SHA256.HashData(result.BundleBytes)).ToLowerInvariant();
            if (!string.Equals(computedDigest, result.Digest, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                logger.LogError("Digest mismatch. Expected {Expected} but computed {Actual}.", result.Digest, computedDigest);
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            logger.LogInformation(
                "Revocation bundle exported to {Directory} (sequence {Sequence}, issued {Issued:u}, signing key {KeyId}, provider {Provider}).",
                directory,
                result.Sequence,
                result.IssuedAt,
                string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.SigningKeyId) ? "<unknown>" : result.SigningKeyId,
                string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.SigningProvider) ? "default" : result.SigningProvider);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to export revocation bundle.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleAuthRevokeVerifyAsync(
        string bundlePath,
        string signaturePath,
        string keyPath,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var loggerFactory = LoggerFactory.Create(builder => builder.AddSimpleConsole(options =>
        {
            options.SingleLine = true;
            options.TimestampFormat = "HH:mm:ss ";
        }));
        var logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger("auth-revoke-verify");
        Environment.ExitCode = 0;

        try
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(bundlePath) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(signaturePath) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(keyPath))
            {
                logger.LogError("Arguments --bundle, --signature, and --key are required.");
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            var bundleBytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(bundlePath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            var signatureContent = (await File.ReadAllTextAsync(signaturePath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false)).Trim();
            var keyPem = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(keyPath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            var digest = Convert.ToHexString(SHA256.HashData(bundleBytes)).ToLowerInvariant();
            logger.LogInformation("Bundle digest sha256:{Digest}", digest);

            if (!TryParseDetachedJws(signatureContent, out var encodedHeader, out var encodedSignature))
            {
                logger.LogError("Signature is not in detached JWS format.");
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            var headerJson = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(Base64UrlDecode(encodedHeader));
            using var headerDocument = JsonDocument.Parse(headerJson);
            var header = headerDocument.RootElement;

            if (!header.TryGetProperty("b64", out var b64Element) || b64Element.GetBoolean())
            {
                logger.LogError("Detached JWS header must include '\"b64\": false'.");
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            var algorithm = header.TryGetProperty("alg", out var algElement) ? algElement.GetString() : SignatureAlgorithms.Es256;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(algorithm))
            {
                algorithm = SignatureAlgorithms.Es256;
            }

            var providerHint = header.TryGetProperty("provider", out var providerElement)
                ? providerElement.GetString()
                : null;

            var keyId = header.TryGetProperty("kid", out var kidElement) ? kidElement.GetString() : null;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(keyId))
            {
                keyId = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(keyPath);
                logger.LogWarning("JWS header missing 'kid'; using fallback key id {KeyId}.", keyId);
            }

            CryptoSigningKey signingKey;
            try
            {
                signingKey = CreateVerificationSigningKey(keyId!, algorithm!, providerHint, keyPem, keyPath);
            }
            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is InvalidOperationException or CryptographicException)
            {
                logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to load verification key material.");
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            var providers = new List<ICryptoProvider>
            {
                new DefaultCryptoProvider()
            };

#if STELLAOPS_CRYPTO_SODIUM
            providers.Add(new LibsodiumCryptoProvider());
#endif

            foreach (var provider in providers)
            {
                if (provider.Supports(CryptoCapability.Verification, algorithm!))
                {
                    provider.UpsertSigningKey(signingKey);
                }
            }

            var preferredOrder = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(providerHint)
                ? new[] { providerHint! }
                : Array.Empty<string>();
            var registry = new CryptoProviderRegistry(providers, preferredOrder);
            CryptoSignerResolution resolution;
            try
            {
                resolution = registry.ResolveSigner(
                    CryptoCapability.Verification,
                    algorithm!,
                    signingKey.Reference,
                    providerHint);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                logger.LogError(ex, "No crypto provider available for verification (algorithm {Algorithm}).", algorithm);
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            var signingInputLength = encodedHeader.Length + 1 + bundleBytes.Length;
            var buffer = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(signingInputLength);
            try
            {
                var headerBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(encodedHeader);
                Buffer.BlockCopy(headerBytes, 0, buffer, 0, headerBytes.Length);
                buffer[headerBytes.Length] = (byte)'.';
                Buffer.BlockCopy(bundleBytes, 0, buffer, headerBytes.Length + 1, bundleBytes.Length);

                var signatureBytes = Base64UrlDecode(encodedSignature);
                var verified = await resolution.Signer.VerifyAsync(
                    new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(buffer, 0, signingInputLength),
                    signatureBytes,
                    cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

                if (!verified)
                {
                    logger.LogError("Signature verification failed.");
                    Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                    return;
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(buffer);
            }

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(providerHint) && !string.Equals(providerHint, resolution.ProviderName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                logger.LogWarning(
                    "Preferred provider '{Preferred}' unavailable; verification used '{Provider}'.",
                    providerHint,
                    resolution.ProviderName);
            }

            logger.LogInformation(
                "Signature verified using algorithm {Algorithm} via provider {Provider} (kid {KeyId}).",
                algorithm,
                resolution.ProviderName,
                signingKey.Reference.KeyId);

            if (verbose)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("JWS header: {Header}", headerJson);
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to verify revocation bundle.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            loggerFactory.Dispose();
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleVulnObservationsAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string tenant,
        IReadOnlyList<string> observationIds,
        IReadOnlyList<string> aliases,
        IReadOnlyList<string> purls,
        IReadOnlyList<string> cpes,
        bool emitJson,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IConcelierObservationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("vuln-observations");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.vuln.observations", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "vuln observations");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.tenant", tenant);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("vuln observations");

        try
        {
            tenant = tenant?.Trim().ToLowerInvariant() ?? string.Empty;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(tenant))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Tenant must be provided.");
            }

            var query = new AdvisoryObservationsQuery(
                tenant,
                NormalizeSet(observationIds, toLower: false),
                NormalizeSet(aliases, toLower: true),
                NormalizeSet(purls, toLower: false),
                NormalizeSet(cpes, toLower: false));

            var response = await client.GetObservationsAsync(query, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (emitJson)
            {
                var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(response, new JsonSerializerOptions
                {
                    WriteIndented = true
                });
                Console.WriteLine(json);
                Environment.ExitCode = 0;
                return;
            }

            RenderObservationTable(response);
            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
        }
        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            logger.LogWarning("Operation cancelled by user.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 130;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to fetch observations from Concelier.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }

        static IReadOnlyList<string> NormalizeSet(IReadOnlyList<string> values, bool toLower)
        {
            if (values is null || values.Count == 0)
            {
                return Array.Empty<string>();
            }

            var set = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
            foreach (var raw in values)
            {
                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(raw))
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var normalized = raw.Trim();
                if (toLower)
                {
                    normalized = normalized.ToLowerInvariant();
                }

                set.Add(normalized);
            }

            return set.Count == 0 ? Array.Empty<string>() : set.ToArray();
        }

        static void RenderObservationTable(AdvisoryObservationsResponse response)
        {
            var observations = response.Observations ?? Array.Empty<AdvisoryObservationDocument>();
            if (observations.Count == 0)
            {
                AnsiConsole.MarkupLine("[yellow]No observations matched the provided filters.[/]");
                return;
            }

            var table = new Table()
                .Centered()
                .Border(TableBorder.Rounded);

            table.AddColumn("Observation");
            table.AddColumn("Source");
            table.AddColumn("Upstream Id");
            table.AddColumn("Aliases");
            table.AddColumn("PURLs");
            table.AddColumn("CPEs");
            table.AddColumn("Created (UTC)");

            foreach (var observation in observations)
            {
                var sourceVendor = observation.Source?.Vendor ?? "(unknown)";
                var upstreamId = observation.Upstream?.UpstreamId ?? "(unknown)";
                var aliasesText = FormatList(observation.Linkset?.Aliases);
                var purlsText = FormatList(observation.Linkset?.Purls);
                var cpesText = FormatList(observation.Linkset?.Cpes);

                table.AddRow(
                    Markup.Escape(observation.ObservationId),
                    Markup.Escape(sourceVendor),
                    Markup.Escape(upstreamId),
                    Markup.Escape(aliasesText),
                    Markup.Escape(purlsText),
                    Markup.Escape(cpesText),
                    observation.CreatedAt.ToUniversalTime().ToString("u", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
            }

            AnsiConsole.Write(table);
            AnsiConsole.MarkupLine(
                "[green]{0}[/] observation(s). Aliases: [green]{1}[/], PURLs: [green]{2}[/], CPEs: [green]{3}[/].",
                observations.Count,
                response.Linkset?.Aliases?.Count ?? 0,
                response.Linkset?.Purls?.Count ?? 0,
                response.Linkset?.Cpes?.Count ?? 0);
        }

        static string FormatList(IReadOnlyList<string>? values)
        {
            if (values is null || values.Count == 0)
            {
                return "(none)";
            }

            const int MaxItems = 3;
            if (values.Count <= MaxItems)
            {
                return string.Join(", ", values);
            }

            var preview = values.Take(MaxItems);
            return $"{string.Join(", ", preview)} (+{values.Count - MaxItems})";
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleOfflineKitPullAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string? bundleId,
        string? destinationDirectory,
        bool overwrite,
        bool resume,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var options = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<StellaOpsCliOptions>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("offline-kit-pull");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.offline.kit.pull", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.bundle_id", string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(bundleId) ? "latest" : bundleId);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("offline kit pull");

        try
        {
            var targetDirectory = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(destinationDirectory)
                ? options.Offline?.KitsDirectory ?? Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "offline-kits")
                : destinationDirectory;

            targetDirectory = Path.GetFullPath(targetDirectory);
            Directory.CreateDirectory(targetDirectory);

            var result = await client.DownloadOfflineKitAsync(bundleId, targetDirectory, overwrite, resume, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            logger.LogInformation(
                "Bundle {BundleId} stored at {Path} (captured {Captured:u}, sha256:{Digest}).",
                result.Descriptor.BundleId,
                result.BundlePath,
                result.Descriptor.CapturedAt,
                result.Descriptor.BundleSha256);

            logger.LogInformation("Manifest saved to {Manifest}.", result.ManifestPath);

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.MetadataPath))
            {
                logger.LogDebug("Metadata recorded at {Metadata}.", result.MetadataPath);
            }

            if (result.BundleSignaturePath is not null)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Bundle signature saved to {Signature}.", result.BundleSignaturePath);
            }

            if (result.ManifestSignaturePath is not null)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Manifest signature saved to {Signature}.", result.ManifestSignaturePath);
            }

            CliMetrics.RecordOfflineKitDownload(result.Descriptor.Kind ?? "unknown", result.FromCache);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.bundle_cache", result.FromCache);
            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to download offline kit bundle.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandlePolicySimulateAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string policyId,
        int? baseVersion,
        int? candidateVersion,
        IReadOnlyList<string> sbomArguments,
        IReadOnlyList<string> environmentArguments,
        string? format,
        string? outputPath,
        bool explain,
        bool failOnDiff,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("policy-simulate");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.policy.simulate", ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", "policy simulate");
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.policy_id", policyId);
        if (baseVersion.HasValue)
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.base_version", baseVersion.Value);
        }
        if (candidateVersion.HasValue)
        {
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.candidate_version", candidateVersion.Value);
        }
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("policy simulate");

        try
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(policyId))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Policy identifier must be provided.", nameof(policyId));
            }

            var normalizedPolicyId = policyId.Trim();
            var sbomSet = NormalizePolicySbomSet(sbomArguments);
            var environment = ParsePolicyEnvironment(environmentArguments);

            var input = new PolicySimulationInput(
                baseVersion,
                candidateVersion,
                sbomSet,
                environment,
                explain);

            var result = await client.SimulatePolicyAsync(normalizedPolicyId, input, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.diff_added", result.Diff.Added);
            activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.diff_removed", result.Diff.Removed);
            if (result.Diff.BySeverity.Count > 0)
            {
                activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.severity_buckets", result.Diff.BySeverity.Count);
            }

            var outputFormat = DeterminePolicySimulationFormat(format, outputPath);
            var payload = BuildPolicySimulationPayload(normalizedPolicyId, baseVersion, candidateVersion, sbomSet, environment, result);

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outputPath))
            {
                await WriteSimulationOutputAsync(outputPath!, payload, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                logger.LogInformation("Simulation results written to {Path}.", Path.GetFullPath(outputPath!));
            }

            RenderPolicySimulationResult(logger, payload, result, outputFormat);

            var exitCode = DetermineSimulationExitCode(result, failOnDiff);
            Environment.ExitCode = exitCode;

            var outcome = exitCode == 20
                ? "diff_blocked"
                : (result.Diff.Added + result.Diff.Removed) > 0 ? "diff" : "clean";
            CliMetrics.RecordPolicySimulation(outcome);

            if (exitCode == 20)
            {
                logger.LogWarning("Differences detected; exiting with code 20 due to --fail-on-diff.");
            }

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.ExplainUri))
            {
                activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.explain_uri", result.ExplainUri);
            }
        }
        catch (ArgumentException ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex.Message);
            CliMetrics.RecordPolicySimulation("error");
            Environment.ExitCode = 64;
        }
        catch (PolicyApiException ex)
        {
            HandlePolicySimulationFailure(ex, logger);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Policy simulation failed.");
            CliMetrics.RecordPolicySimulation("error");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleOfflineKitImportAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string bundlePath,
        string? manifestPath,
        string? bundleSignaturePath,
        string? manifestSignaturePath,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var options = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<StellaOpsCliOptions>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("offline-kit-import");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.offline.kit.import", ActivityKind.Client);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("offline kit import");

        try
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(bundlePath))
            {
                logger.LogError("Bundle path is required.");
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            bundlePath = Path.GetFullPath(bundlePath);
            if (!File.Exists(bundlePath))
            {
                logger.LogError("Bundle file {Path} not found.", bundlePath);
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            var metadata = await LoadOfflineKitMetadataAsync(bundlePath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            if (metadata is not null)
            {
                manifestPath ??= metadata.ManifestPath;
                bundleSignaturePath ??= metadata.BundleSignaturePath;
                manifestSignaturePath ??= metadata.ManifestSignaturePath;
            }

            manifestPath = NormalizeFilePath(manifestPath);
            bundleSignaturePath = NormalizeFilePath(bundleSignaturePath);
            manifestSignaturePath = NormalizeFilePath(manifestSignaturePath);

            if (manifestPath is null)
            {
                manifestPath = TryInferManifestPath(bundlePath);
                if (manifestPath is not null)
                {
                    logger.LogDebug("Using inferred manifest path {Path}.", manifestPath);
                }
            }

            if (manifestPath is not null && !File.Exists(manifestPath))
            {
                logger.LogError("Manifest file {Path} not found.", manifestPath);
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                return;
            }

            if (bundleSignaturePath is not null && !File.Exists(bundleSignaturePath))
            {
                logger.LogWarning("Bundle signature {Path} not found; skipping.", bundleSignaturePath);
                bundleSignaturePath = null;
            }

            if (manifestSignaturePath is not null && !File.Exists(manifestSignaturePath))
            {
                logger.LogWarning("Manifest signature {Path} not found; skipping.", manifestSignaturePath);
                manifestSignaturePath = null;
            }

            if (metadata is not null)
            {
                var computedBundleDigest = await ComputeSha256Async(bundlePath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                if (!DigestsEqual(computedBundleDigest, metadata.BundleSha256))
                {
                    logger.LogError("Bundle digest mismatch. Expected sha256:{Expected} but computed sha256:{Actual}.", metadata.BundleSha256, computedBundleDigest);
                    Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                    return;
                }

                if (manifestPath is not null)
                {
                    var computedManifestDigest = await ComputeSha256Async(manifestPath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    if (!DigestsEqual(computedManifestDigest, metadata.ManifestSha256))
                    {
                        logger.LogError("Manifest digest mismatch. Expected sha256:{Expected} but computed sha256:{Actual}.", metadata.ManifestSha256, computedManifestDigest);
                        Environment.ExitCode = 1;
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }

            var request = new OfflineKitImportRequest(
                bundlePath,
                manifestPath,
                bundleSignaturePath,
                manifestSignaturePath,
                metadata?.BundleId,
                metadata?.BundleSha256,
                metadata?.BundleSize,
                metadata?.CapturedAt,
                metadata?.Channel,
                metadata?.Kind,
                metadata?.IsDelta,
                metadata?.BaseBundleId,
                metadata?.ManifestSha256,
                metadata?.ManifestSize);

            var result = await client.ImportOfflineKitAsync(request, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            CliMetrics.RecordOfflineKitImport(result.Status);

            logger.LogInformation(
                "Import {ImportId} submitted at {Submitted:u} with status {Status}.",
                string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.ImportId) ? "<pending>" : result.ImportId,
                result.SubmittedAt,
                string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Status) ? "queued" : result.Status);

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Message))
            {
                logger.LogInformation(result.Message);
            }

            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Offline kit import failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    public static async Task HandleOfflineKitStatusAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        bool asJson,
        bool verbose,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger("offline-kit-status");
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity("cli.offline.kit.status", ActivityKind.Client);
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration("offline kit status");

        try
        {
            var status = await client.GetOfflineKitStatusAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (asJson)
            {
                var payload = new
                {
                    bundleId = status.BundleId,
                    channel = status.Channel,
                    kind = status.Kind,
                    isDelta = status.IsDelta,
                    baseBundleId = status.BaseBundleId,
                    capturedAt = status.CapturedAt,
                    importedAt = status.ImportedAt,
                    sha256 = status.BundleSha256,
                    sizeBytes = status.BundleSize,
                    components = status.Components.Select(component => new
                    {
                        component.Name,
                        component.Version,
                        component.Digest,
                        component.CapturedAt,
                        component.SizeBytes
                    })
                };

                var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(payload, new JsonSerializerOptions(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web) { WriteIndented = true });
                Console.WriteLine(json);
            }
            else
            {
                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(status.BundleId))
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("No offline kit bundle has been imported yet.");
                }
                else
                {
                    logger.LogInformation(
                        "Current bundle {BundleId} ({Kind}) captured {Captured:u}, imported {Imported:u}, sha256:{Digest}, size {Size}.",
                        status.BundleId,
                        status.Kind ?? "unknown",
                        status.CapturedAt ?? default,
                        status.ImportedAt ?? default,
                        status.BundleSha256 ?? "<n/a>",
                        status.BundleSize.HasValue ? status.BundleSize.Value.ToString("N0", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) : "<n/a>");
                }

                if (status.Components.Count > 0)
                {
                    var table = new Table().AddColumns("Component", "Version", "Digest", "Captured", "Size (bytes)");
                    foreach (var component in status.Components)
                    {
                        table.AddRow(
                            component.Name,
                            string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(component.Version) ? "-" : component.Version!,
                            string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(component.Digest) ? "-" : $"sha256:{component.Digest}",
                            component.CapturedAt?.ToString("u", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) ?? "-",
                            component.SizeBytes.HasValue ? component.SizeBytes.Value.ToString("N0", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) : "-");
                    }

                    AnsiConsole.Write(table);
                }
            }

            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to read offline kit status.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    private static async Task<OfflineKitMetadataDocument?> LoadOfflineKitMetadataAsync(string bundlePath, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var metadataPath = bundlePath + ".metadata.json";
        if (!File.Exists(metadataPath))
        {
            return null;
        }

        try
        {
            await using var stream = File.OpenRead(metadataPath);
            return await JsonSerializer.DeserializeAsync<OfflineKitMetadataDocument>(stream, cancellationToken: cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
        catch
        {
            return null;
        }
    }

    private static string? NormalizeFilePath(string? path)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(path))
        {
            return null;
        }

        return Path.GetFullPath(path);
    }

    private static string? TryInferManifestPath(string bundlePath)
    {
        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(bundlePath);
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(directory))
        {
            return null;
        }

        var baseName = Path.GetFileName(bundlePath);
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(baseName))
        {
            return null;
        }

        baseName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(baseName);
        if (baseName.EndsWith(".tar", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
        {
            baseName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(baseName);
        }

        var candidates = new[]
        {
            Path.Combine(directory, $"offline-manifest-{baseName}.json"),
            Path.Combine(directory, "offline-manifest.json")
        };

        foreach (var candidate in candidates)
        {
            if (File.Exists(candidate))
            {
                return Path.GetFullPath(candidate);
            }
        }

        return Directory.EnumerateFiles(directory, "offline-manifest*.json").FirstOrDefault();
    }

    private static bool DigestsEqual(string computed, string? expected)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(expected))
        {
            return true;
        }

        return string.Equals(NormalizeDigest(computed), NormalizeDigest(expected), StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
    }

    private static string NormalizeDigest(string digest)
    {
        var value = digest.Trim();
        if (value.StartsWith("sha256:", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
        {
            value = value.Substring("sha256:".Length);
        }

        return value.ToLowerInvariant();
    }

    private static async Task<string> ComputeSha256Async(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var stream = File.OpenRead(path);
        var hash = await SHA256.HashDataAsync(stream, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        return Convert.ToHexString(hash).ToLowerInvariant();
    }

    private static bool TryParseDetachedJws(string value, out string encodedHeader, out string encodedSignature)
    {
        encodedHeader = string.Empty;
        encodedSignature = string.Empty;

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
        {
            return false;
        }

        var parts = value.Split('.');
        if (parts.Length != 3)
        {
            return false;
        }

        encodedHeader = parts[0];
        encodedSignature = parts[2];
        return parts[1].Length == 0;
    }

    private static byte[] Base64UrlDecode(string value)
    {
        var normalized = value.Replace('-', '+').Replace('_', '/');
        var padding = normalized.Length % 4;
        if (padding == 2)
        {
            normalized += "==";
        }
        else if (padding == 3)
        {
            normalized += "=";
        }
        else if (padding == 1)
        {
            throw new FormatException("Invalid Base64Url value.");
        }

        return Convert.FromBase64String(normalized);
    }

    private static CryptoSigningKey CreateVerificationSigningKey(
        string keyId,
        string algorithm,
        string? providerHint,
        string keyPem,
        string keyPath)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(keyPem))
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Verification key PEM content is empty.");
        }

        using var ecdsa = ECDsa.Create();
        ecdsa.ImportFromPem(keyPem);

        var parameters = ecdsa.ExportParameters(includePrivateParameters: false);
        if (parameters.D is null || parameters.D.Length == 0)
        {
            parameters.D = new byte[] { 0x01 };
        }

        var metadata = new Dictionary<string, string?>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
        {
            ["source"] = Path.GetFullPath(keyPath),
            ["verificationOnly"] = "true"
        };

        return new CryptoSigningKey(
            new CryptoKeyReference(keyId, providerHint),
            algorithm,
            in parameters,
            DateTimeOffset.UtcNow,
            metadata: metadata);
    }

    private static string FormatDuration(TimeSpan duration)
    {
        if (duration <= TimeSpan.Zero)
        {
            return "expired";
        }

        if (duration.TotalDays >= 1)
        {
            var days = (int)duration.TotalDays;
            var hours = duration.Hours;
            return hours > 0
                ? FormattableString.Invariant($"{days}d {hours}h")
                : FormattableString.Invariant($"{days}d");
        }

        if (duration.TotalHours >= 1)
        {
            return FormattableString.Invariant($"{(int)duration.TotalHours}h {duration.Minutes}m");
        }

        if (duration.TotalMinutes >= 1)
        {
            return FormattableString.Invariant($"{(int)duration.TotalMinutes}m {duration.Seconds}s");
        }

        return FormattableString.Invariant($"{duration.Seconds}s");
    }

    private static bool TryExtractJwtClaims(
        string accessToken,
        out Dictionary<string, string> claims,
        out DateTimeOffset? issuedAt,
        out DateTimeOffset? notBefore)
    {
        claims = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        issuedAt = null;
        notBefore = null;

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(accessToken))
        {
            return false;
        }

        var parts = accessToken.Split('.');
        if (parts.Length < 2)
        {
            return false;
        }

        if (!TryDecodeBase64Url(parts[1], out var payloadBytes))
        {
            return false;
        }

        try
        {
            using var document = JsonDocument.Parse(payloadBytes);
            foreach (var property in document.RootElement.EnumerateObject())
            {
                var value = FormatJsonValue(property.Value);
                claims[property.Name] = value;

                if (issuedAt is null && property.NameEquals("iat") && TryParseUnixSeconds(property.Value, out var parsedIat))
                {
                    issuedAt = parsedIat;
                }

                if (notBefore is null && property.NameEquals("nbf") && TryParseUnixSeconds(property.Value, out var parsedNbf))
                {
                    notBefore = parsedNbf;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }
        catch (JsonException)
        {
            claims.Clear();
            issuedAt = null;
            notBefore = null;
            return false;
        }
    }

    private static bool TryDecodeBase64Url(string value, out byte[] bytes)
    {
        bytes = Array.Empty<byte>();

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
        {
            return false;
        }

        var normalized = value.Replace('-', '+').Replace('_', '/');
        var padding = normalized.Length % 4;
        if (padding is 2 or 3)
        {
            normalized = normalized.PadRight(normalized.Length + (4 - padding), '=');
        }
        else if (padding == 1)
        {
            return false;
        }

        try
        {
            bytes = Convert.FromBase64String(normalized);
            return true;
        }
        catch (FormatException)
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    private static string FormatJsonValue(JsonElement element)
    {
        return element.ValueKind switch
        {
            JsonValueKind.String => element.GetString() ?? string.Empty,
            JsonValueKind.Number => element.TryGetInt64(out var longValue)
                ? longValue.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
                : element.GetDouble().ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
            JsonValueKind.True => "true",
            JsonValueKind.False => "false",
            JsonValueKind.Null => "null",
            JsonValueKind.Array => FormatArray(element),
            JsonValueKind.Object => element.GetRawText(),
            _ => element.GetRawText()
        };
    }

    private static string FormatArray(JsonElement array)
    {
        var values = new List<string>();
        foreach (var item in array.EnumerateArray())
        {
            values.Add(FormatJsonValue(item));
        }

        return string.Join(", ", values);
    }

    private static bool TryParseUnixSeconds(JsonElement element, out DateTimeOffset value)
    {
        value = default;

        if (element.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Number)
        {
            if (element.TryGetInt64(out var seconds))
            {
                value = DateTimeOffset.FromUnixTimeSeconds(seconds);
                return true;
            }

            if (element.TryGetDouble(out var doubleValue))
            {
                value = DateTimeOffset.FromUnixTimeSeconds((long)doubleValue);
                return true;
            }
        }

        if (element.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String)
        {
            var text = element.GetString();
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text) && long.TryParse(text, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var seconds))
            {
                value = DateTimeOffset.FromUnixTimeSeconds(seconds);
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    private static List<string> CollectAdditionalClaims(Dictionary<string, string> claims)
    {
        var result = new List<string>();
        foreach (var pair in claims)
        {
            if (CommonClaimNames.Contains(pair.Key))
            {
                continue;
            }

            result.Add(FormattableString.Invariant($"{pair.Key}={pair.Value}"));
        }

        result.Sort(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        return result;
    }

    private static readonly HashSet<string> CommonClaimNames = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
    {
        "aud",
        "client_id",
        "exp",
        "iat",
        "iss",
        "nbf",
        "scope",
        "scopes",
        "sub",
        "token_type",
        "jti"
    };

    private static async Task ExecuteExcititorCommandAsync(
        IServiceProvider services,
        string commandName,
        bool verbose,
        IDictionary<string, object?>? activityTags,
        Func<IBackendOperationsClient, Task<ExcititorOperationResult>> operation,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        await using var scope = services.CreateAsyncScope();
        var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBackendOperationsClient>();
        var logger = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger(commandName.Replace(' ', '-'));
        var verbosity = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<VerbosityState>();
        var previousLevel = verbosity.MinimumLevel;
        verbosity.MinimumLevel = verbose ? LogLevel.Debug : LogLevel.Information;
        using var activity = CliActivitySource.Instance.StartActivity($"cli.{commandName.Replace(' ', '.')}" , ActivityKind.Client);
        activity?.SetTag("stellaops.cli.command", commandName);
        if (activityTags is not null)
        {
            foreach (var tag in activityTags)
            {
                activity?.SetTag(tag.Key, tag.Value);
            }
        }
        using var duration = CliMetrics.MeasureCommandDuration(commandName);

        try
        {
            var result = await operation(client).ConfigureAwait(false);
            if (result.Success)
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Message))
                {
                    logger.LogInformation(result.Message);
                }
                else
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Operation completed successfully.");
                }

                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Location))
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Location: {Location}", result.Location);
                }

                if (result.Payload is JsonElement payload && payload.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.Undefined and not JsonValueKind.Null)
                {
                    logger.LogDebug("Response payload: {Payload}", payload.ToString());
                }

                Environment.ExitCode = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                logger.LogError(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Message) ? "Operation failed." : result.Message);
                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Excititor operation failed.");
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
        finally
        {
            verbosity.MinimumLevel = previousLevel;
        }
    }

    private static async Task<IReadOnlyList<string>> GatherImageDigestsAsync(
        IReadOnlyList<string> inline,
        string? filePath,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var results = new List<string>();
        var seen = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);

        void AddCandidates(string? candidate)
        {
            foreach (var image in SplitImageCandidates(candidate))
            {
                if (seen.Add(image))
                {
                    results.Add(image);
                }
            }
        }

        if (inline is not null)
        {
            foreach (var entry in inline)
            {
                AddCandidates(entry);
            }
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(filePath))
        {
            var path = Path.GetFullPath(filePath);
            if (!File.Exists(path))
            {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Input file not found.", path);
            }

            foreach (var line in File.ReadLines(path))
            {
                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
                AddCandidates(line);
            }
        }

        if (Console.IsInputRedirected)
        {
            while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
            {
                var line = await Console.In.ReadLineAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
                if (line is null)
                {
                    break;
                }

                AddCandidates(line);
            }
        }

        return new ReadOnlyCollection<string>(results);
    }

    private static IEnumerable<string> SplitImageCandidates(string? raw)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(raw))
        {
            yield break;
        }

        var candidate = raw.Trim();
        var commentIndex = candidate.IndexOf('#');
        if (commentIndex >= 0)
        {
            candidate = candidate[..commentIndex].Trim();
        }

        if (candidate.Length == 0)
        {
            yield break;
        }

        var tokens = candidate.Split(new[] { ',', ' ', '\t' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
        foreach (var token in tokens)
        {
            var trimmed = token.Trim();
            if (trimmed.Length > 0)
            {
                yield return trimmed;
            }
        }
    }

    private static IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> ParseLabelSelectors(IReadOnlyList<string> labelArguments)
    {
        if (labelArguments is null || labelArguments.Count == 0)
        {
            return EmptyLabelSelectors;
        }

        var labels = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        foreach (var raw in labelArguments)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(raw))
            {
                continue;
            }

            var trimmed = raw.Trim();
            var delimiter = trimmed.IndexOf('=');
            if (delimiter <= 0 || delimiter == trimmed.Length - 1)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid label '{raw}'. Expected key=value format.");
            }

            var key = trimmed[..delimiter].Trim();
            var value = trimmed[(delimiter + 1)..].Trim();
            if (key.Length == 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid label '{raw}'. Label key cannot be empty.");
            }

            labels[key] = value;
        }

        return labels.Count == 0 ? EmptyLabelSelectors : new ReadOnlyDictionary<string, string>(labels);
    }

    private sealed record ExcititorExportManifestSummary(
        string ExportId,
        string? Format,
        string? Algorithm,
        string? Digest,
        long? SizeBytes,
        bool? FromCache,
        DateTimeOffset? CreatedAt,
        string? RekorLocation,
        string? RekorIndex,
        string? RekorInclusionUrl);

    private static ExcititorExportManifestSummary? TryParseExportManifest(JsonElement? payload)
    {
        if (payload is null || payload.Value.ValueKind is JsonValueKind.Undefined or JsonValueKind.Null)
        {
            return null;
        }

        var element = payload.Value;
        var exportId = GetStringProperty(element, "exportId");
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(exportId))
        {
            return null;
        }

        var format = GetStringProperty(element, "format");
        var algorithm = default(string?);
        var digest = default(string?);

        if (TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(element, "artifact", out var artifact) && artifact.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object)
        {
            algorithm = GetStringProperty(artifact, "algorithm");
            digest = GetStringProperty(artifact, "digest");
        }

        var sizeBytes = GetInt64Property(element, "sizeBytes");
        var fromCache = GetBooleanProperty(element, "fromCache");
        var createdAt = GetDateTimeOffsetProperty(element, "createdAt");

        string? rekorLocation = null;
        string? rekorIndex = null;
        string? rekorInclusion = null;

        if (TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(element, "attestation", out var attestation) && attestation.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object)
        {
            if (TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(attestation, "rekor", out var rekor) && rekor.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object)
            {
                rekorLocation = GetStringProperty(rekor, "location");
                rekorIndex = GetStringProperty(rekor, "logIndex");
                var inclusion = GetStringProperty(rekor, "inclusionProofUri");
                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(inclusion))
                {
                    rekorInclusion = inclusion;
                }
            }
        }

        return new ExcititorExportManifestSummary(
            exportId.Trim(),
            format,
            algorithm,
            digest,
            sizeBytes,
            fromCache,
            createdAt,
            rekorLocation,
            rekorIndex,
            rekorInclusion);
    }

    private static bool TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(JsonElement element, string propertyName, out JsonElement property)
    {
        if (element.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object && element.TryGetProperty(propertyName, out property))
        {
            return true;
        }

        if (element.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object)
        {
            foreach (var candidate in element.EnumerateObject())
            {
                if (string.Equals(candidate.Name, propertyName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                {
                    property = candidate.Value;
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        property = default;
        return false;
    }

    private static string? GetStringProperty(JsonElement element, string propertyName)
    {
        if (TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(element, propertyName, out var property))
        {
            return property.ValueKind switch
            {
                JsonValueKind.String => property.GetString(),
                JsonValueKind.Number => property.ToString(),
                _ => null
            };
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static bool? GetBooleanProperty(JsonElement element, string propertyName)
    {
        if (TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(element, propertyName, out var property))
        {
            return property.ValueKind switch
            {
                JsonValueKind.True => true,
                JsonValueKind.False => false,
                JsonValueKind.String when bool.TryParse(property.GetString(), out var parsed) => parsed,
                _ => null
            };
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static long? GetInt64Property(JsonElement element, string propertyName)
    {
        if (TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(element, propertyName, out var property))
        {
            if (property.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Number && property.TryGetInt64(out var value))
            {
                return value;
            }

            if (property.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String
                && long.TryParse(property.GetString(), NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsed))
            {
                return parsed;
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static DateTimeOffset? GetDateTimeOffsetProperty(JsonElement element, string propertyName)
    {
        if (TryGetPropertyCaseInsensitive(element, propertyName, out var property)
            && property.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String
            && DateTimeOffset.TryParse(property.GetString(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, DateTimeStyles.AssumeUniversal, out var value))
        {
            return value.ToUniversalTime();
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static string BuildDigestDisplay(string? algorithm, string digest)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(digest))
        {
            return string.Empty;
        }

        if (digest.Contains(':', StringComparison.Ordinal))
        {
            return digest;
        }

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(algorithm) || algorithm.Equals("sha256", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
        {
            return $"sha256:{digest}";
        }

        return $"{algorithm}:{digest}";
    }

    private static string FormatSize(long sizeBytes)
    {
        if (sizeBytes < 0)
        {
            return $"{sizeBytes} bytes";
        }

        string[] units = { "bytes", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB" };
        double size = sizeBytes;
        var unit = 0;

        while (size >= 1024 && unit < units.Length - 1)
        {
            size /= 1024;
            unit++;
        }

        return unit == 0 ? $"{sizeBytes} bytes" : $"{size:0.##} {units[unit]}";
    }

    private static string ResolveExportOutputPath(string outputPath, ExcititorExportManifestSummary manifest)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outputPath))
        {
            throw new ArgumentException("Output path must be provided.", nameof(outputPath));
        }

        var fullPath = Path.GetFullPath(outputPath);
        if (Directory.Exists(fullPath)
            || outputPath.EndsWith(Path.DirectorySeparatorChar.ToString(), StringComparison.Ordinal)
            || outputPath.EndsWith(Path.AltDirectorySeparatorChar.ToString(), StringComparison.Ordinal))
        {
            return Path.Combine(fullPath, BuildExportFileName(manifest));
        }

        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(fullPath);
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(directory) && !Directory.Exists(directory))
        {
            Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
        }

        return fullPath;
    }

    private static string BuildExportFileName(ExcititorExportManifestSummary manifest)
    {
        var token = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(manifest.Digest)
            ? manifest.Digest!
            : manifest.ExportId;

        token = SanitizeToken(token);
        if (token.Length > 40)
        {
            token = token[..40];
        }

        var extension = DetermineExportExtension(manifest.Format);
        return $"stellaops-excititor-{token}{extension}";
    }

    private static string DetermineExportExtension(string? format)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(format))
        {
            return ".bin";
        }

        return format switch
        {
            not null when format.Equals("jsonl", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => ".jsonl",
            not null when format.Equals("json", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => ".json",
            not null when format.Equals("openvex", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => ".json",
            not null when format.Equals("csaf", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => ".json",
            _ => ".bin"
        };
    }

    private static string SanitizeToken(string token)
    {
        var builder = new StringBuilder(token.Length);
        foreach (var ch in token)
        {
            if (char.IsLetterOrDigit(ch))
            {
                builder.Append(char.ToLowerInvariant(ch));
            }
        }

        if (builder.Length == 0)
        {
            builder.Append("export");
        }

        return builder.ToString();
    }

    private static string? ResolveLocationUrl(StellaOpsCliOptions options, string location)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(location))
        {
            return null;
        }

        if (Uri.TryCreate(location, UriKind.Absolute, out var absolute))
        {
            return absolute.ToString();
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options?.BackendUrl) && Uri.TryCreate(options.BackendUrl, UriKind.Absolute, out var baseUri))
        {
            if (!location.StartsWith("/", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                location = "/" + location;
            }

            return new Uri(baseUri, location).ToString();
        }

        return location;
    }

    private static string BuildRuntimePolicyJson(RuntimePolicyEvaluationResult result, IReadOnlyList<string> requestedImages)
    {
        var orderedImages = BuildImageOrder(requestedImages, result.Decisions.Keys);
        var results = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);

        foreach (var image in orderedImages)
        {
            if (result.Decisions.TryGetValue(image, out var decision))
            {
                results[image] = BuildDecisionMap(decision);
            }
        }

        var options = new JsonSerializerOptions(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web)
        {
            WriteIndented = true,
            DefaultIgnoreCondition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull
        };

        var payload = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
        {
            ["ttlSeconds"] = result.TtlSeconds,
            ["expiresAtUtc"] = result.ExpiresAtUtc?.ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
            ["policyRevision"] = result.PolicyRevision,
            ["results"] = results
        };

        return JsonSerializer.Serialize(payload, options);
    }

    private static IDictionary<string, object?> BuildDecisionMap(RuntimePolicyImageDecision decision)
    {
        var map = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal)
        {
            ["policyVerdict"] = decision.PolicyVerdict,
            ["signed"] = decision.Signed,
            ["hasSbomReferrers"] = decision.HasSbomReferrers
        };

        if (decision.Reasons.Count > 0)
        {
            map["reasons"] = decision.Reasons;
        }

        if (decision.Rekor is not null)
        {
            var rekorMap = new Dictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(decision.Rekor.Uuid))
            {
                rekorMap["uuid"] = decision.Rekor.Uuid;
            }

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(decision.Rekor.Url))
            {
                rekorMap["url"] = decision.Rekor.Url;
            }

            if (decision.Rekor.Verified.HasValue)
            {
                rekorMap["verified"] = decision.Rekor.Verified;
            }

            if (rekorMap.Count > 0)
            {
                map["rekor"] = rekorMap;
            }
        }

        foreach (var kvp in decision.AdditionalProperties)
        {
            map[kvp.Key] = kvp.Value;
        }

        return map;
    }

    private static void DisplayRuntimePolicyResults(ILogger logger, RuntimePolicyEvaluationResult result, IReadOnlyList<string> requestedImages)
    {
        var orderedImages = BuildImageOrder(requestedImages, result.Decisions.Keys);
        var summary = new Dictionary<string, int>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

        if (AnsiConsole.Profile.Capabilities.Interactive)
        {
            var table = new Table().Border(TableBorder.Rounded)
                .AddColumns("Image", "Verdict", "Signed", "SBOM Ref", "Quieted", "Confidence", "Reasons", "Attestation");

            foreach (var image in orderedImages)
            {
                if (result.Decisions.TryGetValue(image, out var decision))
                {
                    table.AddRow(
                        image,
                        decision.PolicyVerdict,
                        FormatBoolean(decision.Signed),
                        FormatBoolean(decision.HasSbomReferrers),
                        FormatQuietedDisplay(decision.AdditionalProperties),
                        FormatConfidenceDisplay(decision.AdditionalProperties),
                        decision.Reasons.Count > 0 ? string.Join(Environment.NewLine, decision.Reasons) : "-",
                        FormatAttestation(decision.Rekor));

                    summary[decision.PolicyVerdict] = summary.TryGetValue(decision.PolicyVerdict, out var count) ? count + 1 : 1;

                    if (decision.AdditionalProperties.Count > 0)
                    {
                        var metadata = string.Join(", ", decision.AdditionalProperties.Select(kvp => $"{kvp.Key}={FormatAdditionalValue(kvp.Value)}"));
                        logger.LogDebug("Metadata for {Image}: {Metadata}", image, metadata);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    table.AddRow(image, "<missing>", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-");
                }
            }

            AnsiConsole.Write(table);
        }
        else
        {
            foreach (var image in orderedImages)
            {
                if (result.Decisions.TryGetValue(image, out var decision))
                {
                    var reasons = decision.Reasons.Count > 0 ? string.Join(", ", decision.Reasons) : "none";
                    logger.LogInformation(
                        "{Image} -> verdict={Verdict} signed={Signed} sbomRef={Sbom} quieted={Quieted} confidence={Confidence} attestation={Attestation} reasons={Reasons}",
                        image,
                        decision.PolicyVerdict,
                        FormatBoolean(decision.Signed),
                        FormatBoolean(decision.HasSbomReferrers),
                        FormatQuietedDisplay(decision.AdditionalProperties),
                        FormatConfidenceDisplay(decision.AdditionalProperties),
                        FormatAttestation(decision.Rekor),
                        reasons);

                    summary[decision.PolicyVerdict] = summary.TryGetValue(decision.PolicyVerdict, out var count) ? count + 1 : 1;

                    if (decision.AdditionalProperties.Count > 0)
                    {
                        var metadata = string.Join(", ", decision.AdditionalProperties.Select(kvp => $"{kvp.Key}={FormatAdditionalValue(kvp.Value)}"));
                        logger.LogDebug("Metadata for {Image}: {Metadata}", image, metadata);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    logger.LogWarning("{Image} -> no decision returned by backend.", image);
                }
            }
        }

        if (summary.Count > 0)
        {
            var summaryText = string.Join(", ", summary.Select(kvp => $"{kvp.Key}:{kvp.Value}"));
            logger.LogInformation("Verdict summary: {Summary}", summaryText);
        }
    }

    private static IReadOnlyList<string> BuildImageOrder(IReadOnlyList<string> requestedImages, IEnumerable<string> actual)
    {
        var order = new List<string>();
        var seen = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);

        if (requestedImages is not null)
        {
            foreach (var image in requestedImages)
            {
                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(image))
                {
                    var trimmed = image.Trim();
                    if (seen.Add(trimmed))
                    {
                        order.Add(trimmed);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        foreach (var image in actual)
        {
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(image))
            {
                var trimmed = image.Trim();
                if (seen.Add(trimmed))
                {
                    order.Add(trimmed);
                }
            }
        }

        return new ReadOnlyCollection<string>(order);
    }

    private static string FormatBoolean(bool? value)
        => value is null ? "unknown" : value.Value ? "yes" : "no";

    private static string FormatQuietedDisplay(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> metadata)
    {
        var quieted = GetMetadataBoolean(metadata, "quieted", "quiet");
        var quietedBy = GetMetadataString(metadata, "quietedBy", "quietedReason");

        if (quieted is true)
        {
            return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(quietedBy) ? "yes" : $"yes ({quietedBy})";
        }

        if (quieted is false)
        {
            return "no";
        }

        return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(quietedBy) ? "-" : $"? ({quietedBy})";
    }

    private static string FormatConfidenceDisplay(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> metadata)
    {
        var confidence = GetMetadataDouble(metadata, "confidence");
        var confidenceBand = GetMetadataString(metadata, "confidenceBand", "confidenceTier");

        if (confidence.HasValue && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(confidenceBand))
        {
            return string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0:0.###} ({1})", confidence.Value, confidenceBand);
        }

        if (confidence.HasValue)
        {
            return confidence.Value.ToString("0.###", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(confidenceBand))
        {
            return confidenceBand!;
        }

        return "-";
    }

    private static string FormatAttestation(RuntimePolicyRekorReference? rekor)
    {
        if (rekor is null)
        {
            return "-";
        }

        var uuid = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(rekor.Uuid) ? null : rekor.Uuid;
        var url = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(rekor.Url) ? null : rekor.Url;
        var verified = rekor.Verified;

        var core = uuid ?? url;
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(core))
        {
            if (verified.HasValue)
            {
                var suffix = verified.Value ? " (verified)" : " (unverified)";
                return core + suffix;
            }

            return core!;
        }

        if (verified.HasValue)
        {
            return verified.Value ? "verified" : "unverified";
        }

        return "-";
    }

    private static bool? GetMetadataBoolean(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> metadata, params string[] keys)
    {
        foreach (var key in keys)
        {
            if (metadata.TryGetValue(key, out var value) && value is not null)
            {
                switch (value)
                {
                    case bool b:
                        return b;
                    case string s when bool.TryParse(s, out var parsed):
                        return parsed;
                }
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static string? GetMetadataString(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> metadata, params string[] keys)
    {
        foreach (var key in keys)
        {
            if (metadata.TryGetValue(key, out var value) && value is not null)
            {
                if (value is string s)
                {
                    return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s) ? null : s;
                }
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static double? GetMetadataDouble(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> metadata, params string[] keys)
    {
        foreach (var key in keys)
        {
            if (metadata.TryGetValue(key, out var value) && value is not null)
            {
                switch (value)
                {
                    case double d:
                        return d;
                    case float f:
                        return f;
                    case decimal m:
                        return (double)m;
                    case long l:
                        return l;
                    case int i:
                        return i;
                    case string s when double.TryParse(s, NumberStyles.Float | NumberStyles.AllowThousands, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsed):
                        return parsed;
                }
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static PolicySimulationOutputFormat DeterminePolicySimulationFormat(string? value, string? outputPath)
    {
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
        {
            return value.Trim().ToLowerInvariant() switch
            {
                "table" => PolicySimulationOutputFormat.Table,
                "json" => PolicySimulationOutputFormat.Json,
                _ => throw new ArgumentException("Invalid format. Use 'table' or 'json'.")
            };
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(outputPath) || Console.IsOutputRedirected)
        {
            return PolicySimulationOutputFormat.Json;
        }

        return PolicySimulationOutputFormat.Table;
    }

    private static object BuildPolicySimulationPayload(
        string policyId,
        int? baseVersion,
        int? candidateVersion,
        IReadOnlyList<string> sbomSet,
        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> environment,
        PolicySimulationResult result)
        => new
        {
            policyId,
            baseVersion,
            candidateVersion,
            sbomSet = sbomSet.Count == 0 ? Array.Empty<string>() : sbomSet,
            environment = environment.Count == 0 ? null : environment,
            diff = result.Diff,
            explainUri = result.ExplainUri
        };

    private static void RenderPolicySimulationResult(
        ILogger logger,
        object payload,
        PolicySimulationResult result,
        PolicySimulationOutputFormat format)
    {
        if (format == PolicySimulationOutputFormat.Json)
        {
            var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(payload, SimulationJsonOptions);
            Console.WriteLine(json);
            return;
        }

        logger.LogInformation(
            "Policy diff summary — Added: {Added}, Removed: {Removed}, Unchanged: {Unchanged}.",
            result.Diff.Added,
            result.Diff.Removed,
            result.Diff.Unchanged);

        if (result.Diff.BySeverity.Count > 0)
        {
            if (AnsiConsole.Profile.Capabilities.Interactive)
            {
                var table = new Table().AddColumns("Severity", "Up", "Down");
                foreach (var entry in result.Diff.BySeverity.OrderBy(kvp => kvp.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal))
                {
                    table.AddRow(
                        entry.Key,
                        FormatDelta(entry.Value.Up),
                        FormatDelta(entry.Value.Down));
                }

                AnsiConsole.Write(table);
            }
            else
            {
                foreach (var entry in result.Diff.BySeverity.OrderBy(kvp => kvp.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal))
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Severity {Severity}: up={Up}, down={Down}", entry.Key, entry.Value.Up ?? 0, entry.Value.Down ?? 0);
                }
            }
        }

        if (result.Diff.RuleHits.Count > 0)
        {
            if (AnsiConsole.Profile.Capabilities.Interactive)
            {
                var table = new Table().AddColumns("Rule", "Up", "Down");
                foreach (var hit in result.Diff.RuleHits)
                {
                    table.AddRow(
                        string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hit.RuleName) ? hit.RuleId : $"{hit.RuleName} ({hit.RuleId})",
                        FormatDelta(hit.Up),
                        FormatDelta(hit.Down));
                }

                AnsiConsole.Write(table);
            }
            else
            {
                foreach (var hit in result.Diff.RuleHits)
                {
                    logger.LogInformation("Rule {RuleId}: up={Up}, down={Down}", hit.RuleId, hit.Up ?? 0, hit.Down ?? 0);
                }
            }
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.ExplainUri))
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Explain trace available at {ExplainUri}.", result.ExplainUri);
        }
    }

    private static IReadOnlyList<string> NormalizePolicySbomSet(IReadOnlyList<string> arguments)
    {
        if (arguments is null || arguments.Count == 0)
        {
            return EmptyPolicySbomSet;
        }

        var set = new SortedSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        foreach (var raw in arguments)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(raw))
            {
                continue;
            }

            var trimmed = raw.Trim();
            if (trimmed.Length > 0)
            {
                set.Add(trimmed);
            }
        }

        if (set.Count == 0)
        {
            return EmptyPolicySbomSet;
        }

        var list = set.ToList();
        return new ReadOnlyCollection<string>(list);
    }

    private static IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> ParsePolicyEnvironment(IReadOnlyList<string> arguments)
    {
        if (arguments is null || arguments.Count == 0)
        {
            return EmptyPolicyEnvironment;
        }

        var env = new SortedDictionary<string, object?>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        foreach (var raw in arguments)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(raw))
            {
                continue;
            }

            var trimmed = raw.Trim();
            var separator = trimmed.IndexOf('=');
            if (separator <= 0 || separator == trimmed.Length - 1)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid environment assignment '{raw}'. Expected key=value.");
            }

            var key = trimmed[..separator].Trim().ToLowerInvariant();
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(key))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid environment assignment '{raw}'. Expected key=value.");
            }

            var valueToken = trimmed[(separator + 1)..].Trim();
            env[key] = ParsePolicyEnvironmentValue(valueToken);
        }

        return env.Count == 0 ? EmptyPolicyEnvironment : new ReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?>(env);
    }

    private static object? ParsePolicyEnvironmentValue(string token)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(token))
        {
            return string.Empty;
        }

        var value = token;
        if ((value.Length >= 2 && value.StartsWith("\"", StringComparison.Ordinal) && value.EndsWith("\"", StringComparison.Ordinal)) ||
            (value.Length >= 2 && value.StartsWith("'", StringComparison.Ordinal) && value.EndsWith("'", StringComparison.Ordinal)))
        {
            value = value[1..^1];
        }

        if (string.Equals(value, "null", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
        {
            return null;
        }

        if (bool.TryParse(value, out var boolResult))
        {
            return boolResult;
        }

        if (long.TryParse(value, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var longResult))
        {
            return longResult;
        }

        if (double.TryParse(value, NumberStyles.Float | NumberStyles.AllowThousands, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var doubleResult))
        {
            return doubleResult;
        }

        return value;
    }

    private static async Task WriteSimulationOutputAsync(string outputPath, object payload, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var fullPath = Path.GetFullPath(outputPath);
        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(fullPath);
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(directory))
        {
            Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
        }

        var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(payload, SimulationJsonOptions);
        await File.WriteAllTextAsync(fullPath, json + Environment.NewLine, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
    }

    private static int DetermineSimulationExitCode(PolicySimulationResult result, bool failOnDiff)
    {
        if (!failOnDiff)
        {
            return 0;
        }

        return (result.Diff.Added + result.Diff.Removed) > 0 ? 20 : 0;
    }

    private static void HandlePolicySimulationFailure(PolicyApiException exception, ILogger logger)
    {
        var exitCode = exception.ErrorCode switch
        {
            "ERR_POL_001" => 10,
            "ERR_POL_002" or "ERR_POL_005" => 12,
            "ERR_POL_003" => 21,
            "ERR_POL_004" => 22,
            "ERR_POL_006" => 23,
            _ when exception.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Forbidden || exception.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized => 12,
            _ => 1
        };

        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(exception.ErrorCode))
        {
            logger.LogError("Policy simulation failed ({StatusCode}): {Message}", (int)exception.StatusCode, exception.Message);
        }
        else
        {
            logger.LogError("Policy simulation failed ({StatusCode} {Code}): {Message}", (int)exception.StatusCode, exception.ErrorCode, exception.Message);
        }

        CliMetrics.RecordPolicySimulation("error");
        Environment.ExitCode = exitCode;
    }

    private static string FormatDelta(int? value)
        => value.HasValue ? value.Value.ToString("N0", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) : "-";

    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions SimulationJsonOptions =
        new(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web) { WriteIndented = true };

    private static readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?> EmptyPolicyEnvironment =
        new ReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?>(new Dictionary<string, object?>(0, StringComparer.Ordinal));

    private static readonly IReadOnlyList<string> EmptyPolicySbomSet =
        new ReadOnlyCollection<string>(Array.Empty<string>());

    private static readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> EmptyLabelSelectors =
        new ReadOnlyDictionary<string, string>(new Dictionary<string, string>(0, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

    private enum PolicySimulationOutputFormat
    {
        Table,
        Json
    }


    private static string FormatAdditionalValue(object? value)
    {
        return value switch
        {
            null => "null",
            bool b => b ? "true" : "false",
            double d => d.ToString("G17", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
            float f => f.ToString("G9", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
            IFormattable formattable => formattable.ToString(null, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
            _ => value.ToString() ?? string.Empty
        };
    }


    private static IReadOnlyList<string> NormalizeProviders(IReadOnlyList<string> providers)
    {
        if (providers is null || providers.Count == 0)
        {
            return Array.Empty<string>();
        }

        var list = new List<string>();
        foreach (var provider in providers)
        {
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(provider))
            {
                list.Add(provider.Trim());
            }
        }

        return list.Count == 0 ? Array.Empty<string>() : list;
    }

    private static string ResolveTenant(string? tenantOption)
    {
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(tenantOption))
        {
            return tenantOption.Trim();
        }

        var fromEnvironment = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("STELLA_TENANT");
        return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fromEnvironment) ? string.Empty : fromEnvironment.Trim();
    }

    private static async Task<IngestInputPayload> LoadIngestInputAsync(string input, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        if (Uri.TryCreate(input, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri) &&
            (uri.Scheme.Equals(Uri.UriSchemeHttp, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
             uri.Scheme.Equals(Uri.UriSchemeHttps, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)))
        {
            return await LoadIngestInputFromHttpAsync(uri, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        return await LoadIngestInputFromFileAsync(input, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
    }

    private static async Task<IngestInputPayload> LoadIngestInputFromHttpAsync(Uri uri, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        using var handler = new HttpClientHandler { AutomaticDecompression = DecompressionMethods.All };
        using var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler);
        using var response = await httpClient.GetAsync(uri, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

        if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to download document from {uri} (HTTP {(int)response.StatusCode}).");
        }

        var contentType = response.Content.Headers.ContentType?.MediaType ?? "application/json";
        var contentEncoding = response.Content.Headers.ContentEncoding is { Count: > 0 }
            ? string.Join(",", response.Content.Headers.ContentEncoding)
            : null;

        var bytes = await response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        var normalized = NormalizeDocument(bytes, contentType, contentEncoding);

        return new IngestInputPayload(
            "uri",
            uri.ToString(),
            normalized.Content,
            normalized.ContentType,
            normalized.ContentEncoding);
    }

    private static async Task<IngestInputPayload> LoadIngestInputFromFileAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var fullPath = Path.GetFullPath(path);
        if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Input document not found.", fullPath);
        }

        var bytes = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(fullPath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        var normalized = NormalizeDocument(bytes, GuessContentTypeFromExtension(fullPath), null);

        return new IngestInputPayload(
            "file",
            Path.GetFileName(fullPath),
            normalized.Content,
            normalized.ContentType,
            normalized.ContentEncoding);
    }

    private static DocumentNormalizationResult NormalizeDocument(byte[] bytes, string? contentType, string? encodingHint)
    {
        if (bytes is null || bytes.Length == 0)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Input document is empty.");
        }

        var working = bytes;
        var encodings = new List<string>();
        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(encodingHint))
        {
            encodings.Add(encodingHint);
        }

        if (IsGzip(working))
        {
            working = DecompressGzip(working);
            encodings.Add("gzip");
        }

        var text = DecodeText(working);
        var trimmed = text.TrimStart();

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(trimmed) && trimmed[0] != '{' && trimmed[0] != '[')
        {
            if (TryDecodeBase64(text, out var decodedBytes))
            {
                working = decodedBytes;
                encodings.Add("base64");

                if (IsGzip(working))
                {
                    working = DecompressGzip(working);
                    encodings.Add("gzip");
                }

                text = DecodeText(working);
            }
        }

        text = text.Trim();
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text))
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Input document contained no data after decoding.");
        }

        var encodingLabel = encodings.Count == 0 ? null : string.Join("+", encodings);
        var finalContentType = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(contentType) ? "application/json" : contentType;

        return new DocumentNormalizationResult(text, finalContentType, encodingLabel);
    }

    private static string GuessContentTypeFromExtension(string path)
    {
        var extension = Path.GetExtension(path);
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(extension))
        {
            return "application/json";
        }

        return extension.ToLowerInvariant() switch
        {
            ".json" or ".csaf" => "application/json",
            ".xml" => "application/xml",
            _ => "application/json"
        };
    }

    private static void RenderDryRunTable(AocIngestDryRunResponse response, bool useColor)
    {
        var summary = new Table().Border(TableBorder.Rounded);
        summary.AddColumn("Field");
        summary.AddColumn("Value");

        summary.AddRow("Source", Markup.Escape(response?.Source ?? "(unknown)"));
        summary.AddRow("Tenant", Markup.Escape(response?.Tenant ?? "(unknown)"));
        summary.AddRow("Guard Version", Markup.Escape(response?.GuardVersion ?? "(unknown)"));
        summary.AddRow("Status", FormatStatusMarkup(response?.Status, useColor));

        var violationCount = response?.Violations?.Count ?? 0;
        summary.AddRow("Violations", violationCount.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(response?.Document?.ContentHash))
        {
            summary.AddRow("Content Hash", Markup.Escape(response.Document.ContentHash!));
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(response?.Document?.Supersedes))
        {
            summary.AddRow("Supersedes", Markup.Escape(response.Document.Supersedes!));
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(response?.Document?.Provenance?.Signature?.Format))
        {
            var signature = response.Document.Provenance.Signature;
            var summaryText = signature!.Present
                ? signature.Format ?? "present"
                : "missing";
            summary.AddRow("Signature", Markup.Escape(summaryText));
        }

        AnsiConsole.Write(summary);

        if (violationCount == 0)
        {
            if (useColor)
            {
                AnsiConsole.MarkupLine("[green]No AOC violations detected.[/]");
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("No AOC violations detected.");
            }

            return;
        }

        var violationTable = new Table().Border(TableBorder.Rounded);
        violationTable.AddColumn("Code");
        violationTable.AddColumn("Path");
        violationTable.AddColumn("Message");

        foreach (var violation in response!.Violations!)
        {
            var codeDisplay = FormatViolationCode(violation.Code, useColor);
            var pathDisplay = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(violation.Path) ? "(root)" : violation.Path!;
            var messageDisplay = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(violation.Message) ? "(unspecified)" : violation.Message!;
            violationTable.AddRow(codeDisplay, Markup.Escape(pathDisplay), Markup.Escape(messageDisplay));
        }

        AnsiConsole.Write(violationTable);
    }

    private static int DetermineDryRunExitCode(AocIngestDryRunResponse response)
    {
        if (response?.Violations is null || response.Violations.Count == 0)
        {
            return 0;
        }

        var exitCodes = new List<int>();
        foreach (var violation in response.Violations)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(violation.Code))
            {
                continue;
            }

            if (AocViolationExitCodeMap.TryGetValue(violation.Code, out var mapped))
            {
                exitCodes.Add(mapped);
            }
        }

        if (exitCodes.Count == 0)
        {
            return 17;
        }

        return exitCodes.Min();
    }

    private static string FormatStatusMarkup(string? status, bool useColor)
    {
        var normalized = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(status) ? "unknown" : status.Trim();
        if (!useColor)
        {
            return Markup.Escape(normalized);
        }

        return normalized.Equals("ok", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
            ? $"[green]{Markup.Escape(normalized)}[/]"
            : $"[red]{Markup.Escape(normalized)}[/]";
    }

    private static string FormatViolationCode(string code, bool useColor)
    {
        var sanitized = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(code) ? "(unknown)" : code.Trim();
        if (!useColor)
        {
            return Markup.Escape(sanitized);
        }

        return $"[red]{Markup.Escape(sanitized)}[/]";
    }

    private static bool IsGzip(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
    {
        return data.Length >= 2 && data[0] == 0x1F && data[1] == 0x8B;
    }

    private static byte[] DecompressGzip(byte[] payload)
    {
        using var input = new MemoryStream(payload);
        using var gzip = new GZipStream(input, CompressionMode.Decompress);
        using var output = new MemoryStream();
        gzip.CopyTo(output);
        return output.ToArray();
    }

    private static string DecodeText(byte[] payload)
    {
        var encoding = DetectEncoding(payload);
        return encoding.GetString(payload);
    }

    private static Encoding DetectEncoding(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
    {
        if (data.Length >= 4)
        {
            if (data[0] == 0x00 && data[1] == 0x00 && data[2] == 0xFE && data[3] == 0xFF)
            {
                return new UTF32Encoding(bigEndian: true, byteOrderMark: true);
            }

            if (data[0] == 0xFF && data[1] == 0xFE && data[2] == 0x00 && data[3] == 0x00)
            {
                return new UTF32Encoding(bigEndian: false, byteOrderMark: true);
            }
        }

        if (data.Length >= 2)
        {
            if (data[0] == 0xFE && data[1] == 0xFF)
            {
                return Encoding.BigEndianUnicode;
            }

            if (data[0] == 0xFF && data[1] == 0xFE)
            {
                return Encoding.Unicode;
            }
        }

        if (data.Length >= 3 && data[0] == 0xEF && data[1] == 0xBB && data[2] == 0xBF)
        {
            return Encoding.UTF8;
        }

        return Encoding.UTF8;
    }

    private static bool TryDecodeBase64(string text, out byte[] decoded)
    {
        decoded = Array.Empty<byte>();
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text))
        {
            return false;
        }

        var builder = new StringBuilder(text.Length);
        foreach (var ch in text)
        {
            if (!char.IsWhiteSpace(ch))
            {
                builder.Append(ch);
            }
        }

        var candidate = builder.ToString();
        if (candidate.Length < 8 || candidate.Length % 4 != 0)
        {
            return false;
        }

        for (var i = 0; i < candidate.Length; i++)
        {
            var c = candidate[i];
            if (!(char.IsLetterOrDigit(c) || c is '+' or '/' or '='))
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        try
        {
            decoded = Convert.FromBase64String(candidate);
            return true;
        }
        catch (FormatException)
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    private sealed record IngestInputPayload(string Kind, string Name, string Content, string ContentType, string? ContentEncoding);

    private sealed record DocumentNormalizationResult(string Content, string ContentType, string? ContentEncoding);

    private static readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<string, int> AocViolationExitCodeMap = new Dictionary<string, int>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
    {
        ["ERR_AOC_001"] = 11,
        ["ERR_AOC_002"] = 12,
        ["ERR_AOC_003"] = 13,
        ["ERR_AOC_004"] = 14,
        ["ERR_AOC_005"] = 15,
        ["ERR_AOC_006"] = 16,
        ["ERR_AOC_007"] = 17
    };

    private static IDictionary<string, object?> RemoveNullValues(Dictionary<string, object?> source)
    {
        foreach (var key in source.Where(kvp => kvp.Value is null).Select(kvp => kvp.Key).ToList())
        {
            source.Remove(key);
        }

        return source;
    }

    private static async Task TriggerJobAsync(
        IBackendOperationsClient client,
        ILogger logger,
        string jobKind,
        IDictionary<string, object?> parameters,
        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        JobTriggerResult result = await client.TriggerJobAsync(jobKind, parameters, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
        if (result.Success)
        {
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(result.Location))
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Job accepted. Track status at {Location}.", result.Location);
            }
            else if (result.Run is not null)
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Job accepted. RunId: {RunId} Status: {Status}", result.Run.RunId, result.Run.Status);
            }
            else
            {
                logger.LogInformation("Job accepted.");
            }

            Environment.ExitCode = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            logger.LogError("Job '{JobKind}' failed: {Message}", jobKind, result.Message);
            Environment.ExitCode = 1;
        }
    }
}