feat(docs): Add comprehensive documentation for Vexer, Vulnerability Explorer, and Zastava modules
- Introduced AGENTS.md, README.md, TASKS.md, and implementation_plan.md for Vexer, detailing mission, responsibilities, key components, and operational notes. - Established similar documentation structure for Vulnerability Explorer and Zastava modules, including their respective workflows, integrations, and observability notes. - Created risk scoring profiles documentation outlining the core workflow, factor model, governance, and deliverables. - Ensured all modules adhere to the Aggregation-Only Contract and maintain determinism and provenance in outputs.
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# component_architecture_zastava.md — **Stella Ops Zastava** (2025Q4)
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> **Scope.** Implementation‑ready architecture for **Zastava**: the **runtime inspector/enforcer** that watches real workloads, detects drift from the scanned baseline, verifies image/SBOM/attestation posture, and (optionally) **admits/blocks** deployments. Includes Kubernetes & plain‑Docker topologies, data contracts, APIs, security posture, performance targets, test matrices, and failure modes.
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---
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## 0) Mission & boundaries
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**Mission.** Give operators **ground‑truth** from running environments and a **fast guardrail** before workloads land:
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* **Observer:** inventory containers, entrypoints actually executed, and DSOs actually loaded; verify **image signature**, **SBOM referrers**, and **attestation** presence; detect **drift** (unexpected processes/paths) and **policy violations**; publish **runtime events** to Scanner.WebService.
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* **Admission (optional):** Kubernetes ValidatingAdmissionWebhook that enforces minimal posture (signed images, SBOM availability, known base images, policy PASS) **pre‑flight**.
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**Boundaries.**
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* Zastava **does not** compute SBOMs and does not sign; it **consumes** Scanner/WebService outputs and **enforces** backend policy verdicts.
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* Zastava can **request** a delta scan when the baseline is missing/stale, but scanning is done by **Scanner.Worker**.
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* On non‑K8s Docker hosts, Zastava runs as a host service with **observer‑only** features.
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---
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## 1) Topology & processes
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### 1.1 Components (Kubernetes)
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```
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stellaops/zastava-observer # DaemonSet on every node (read-only host mounts)
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stellaops/zastava-webhook # ValidatingAdmissionWebhook (Deployment, 2+ replicas)
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```
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### 1.2 Components (Docker/VM)
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```
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stellaops/zastava-agent # System service; watch Docker events; observer only
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```
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### 1.3 Dependencies
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* **Authority** (OIDC): short OpToks (DPoP/mTLS) for API calls to Scanner.WebService.
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* **Scanner.WebService**: `/runtime/events` ingestion; `/policy/runtime` fetch.
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* **OCI Registry** (optional): for direct referrers/sig checks if not delegated to backend.
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* **Container runtime**: containerd/CRI‑O/Docker (read interfaces only).
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* **Kubernetes API** (watch Pods in cluster; validating webhook).
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* **Host mounts** (K8s DaemonSet): `/proc`, `/var/lib/containerd` (or CRI‑O), `/run/containerd/containerd.sock` (optional, read‑only).
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---
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## 2) Data contracts
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### 2.1 Runtime event (observer → Scanner.WebService)
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```json
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{
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"eventId": "9f6a…",
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"when": "2025-10-17T12:34:56Z",
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"kind": "CONTAINER_START|CONTAINER_STOP|DRIFT|POLICY_VIOLATION|ATTESTATION_STATUS",
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"tenant": "tenant-01",
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"node": "ip-10-0-1-23",
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"runtime": { "engine": "containerd", "version": "1.7.19" },
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"workload": {
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"platform": "kubernetes",
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"namespace": "payments",
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"pod": "api-7c9fbbd8b7-ktd84",
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"container": "api",
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"containerId": "containerd://...",
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"imageRef": "ghcr.io/acme/api@sha256:abcd…",
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"owner": { "kind": "Deployment", "name": "api" }
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},
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"process": {
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"pid": 12345,
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"entrypoint": ["/entrypoint.sh", "--serve"],
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"entryTrace": [
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{"file":"/entrypoint.sh","line":3,"op":"exec","target":"/usr/bin/python3"},
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{"file":"<argv>","op":"python","target":"/opt/app/server.py"}
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],
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"buildId": "9f3a1cd4c0b7adfe91c0e3b51d2f45fb0f76a4c1"
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},
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"loadedLibs": [
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{ "path": "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libssl.so.3", "inode": 123456, "sha256": "…"},
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{ "path": "/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.3", "inode": 123457, "sha256": "…"}
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],
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"posture": {
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"imageSigned": true,
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"sbomReferrer": "present|missing",
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"attestation": { "uuid": "rekor-uuid", "verified": true }
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},
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"delta": {
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"baselineImageDigest": "sha256:abcd…",
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"changedFiles": ["/opt/app/server.py"], // optional quick signal
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"newBinaries": [{ "path":"/usr/local/bin/helper","sha256":"…" }]
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},
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"evidence": [
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{"signal":"procfs.maps","value":"/lib/.../libssl.so.3@0x7f..."},
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{"signal":"cri.task.inspect","value":"pid=12345"},
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{"signal":"registry.referrers","value":"sbom: application/vnd.cyclonedx+json"}
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]
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}
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```
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### 2.2 Admission decision (webhook → API server)
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```json
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{
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"admissionId": "…",
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"namespace": "payments",
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"podSpecDigest": "sha256:…",
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"images": [
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{
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"name": "ghcr.io/acme/api:1.2.3",
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"resolved": "ghcr.io/acme/api@sha256:abcd…",
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"signed": true,
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"hasSbomReferrers": true,
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"policyVerdict": "pass|warn|fail",
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"reasons": ["unsigned base image", "missing SBOM"]
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}
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],
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"decision": "Allow|Deny",
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"ttlSeconds": 300
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}
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```
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### 2.3 Schema negotiation & hashing guarantees
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* Every payload is wrapped in an envelope with `schemaVersion` set to `"<schema>@v<major>.<minor>"`. Version negotiation keeps the **major** line in lockstep (`zastava.runtime.event@v1.x`, `zastava.admission.decision@v1.x`) and selects the highest mutually supported **minor**. If no overlap exists, the local default (`@v1.0`) is used.
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* Components use the shared `ZastavaContractVersions` helper for parsing/negotiation and the canonical JSON serializer to guarantee identical byte sequences prior to hashing, ensuring multihash IDs such as `sha256-<base64url>` are reproducible across observers, webhooks, and backend jobs.
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* Schema evolution rules: backwards-compatible fields append to the end of the canonical property order; breaking changes bump the **major** and require dual-writer/reader rollout per deployment playbook.
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---
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## 3) Observer — node agent (DaemonSet)
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### 3.1 Responsibilities
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* **Watch** container lifecycle (start/stop) via CRI (`/run/containerd/containerd.sock` gRPC read‑only) or `/var/log/containers/*.log` tail fallback.
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* **Resolve** container → image digest, mount point rootfs.
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* **Trace entrypoint**: attach **short‑lived** nsenter/exec to PID 1 in container, parse shell for `exec` chain (bounded depth), record **terminal program**.
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* **Sample loaded libs**: read `/proc/<pid>/maps` and `exe` symlink to collect **actually loaded** DSOs; compute **sha256** for each mapped file (bounded count/size).
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* **Record GNU build-id**: parse `NT_GNU_BUILD_ID` from `/proc/<pid>/exe` and attach the normalized hex to runtime events for symbol/debug-store correlation.
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* **Posture check** (cheap):
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* Image signature presence (if cosign policies are local; else ask backend).
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* SBOM **referrers** presence (HEAD to registry, optional).
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* Rekor UUID known (query Scanner.WebService by image digest).
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* **Publish runtime events** to Scanner.WebService `/runtime/events` (batch & compress).
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* **Request delta scan** if: no SBOM in catalog OR base differs from known baseline.
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### 3.2 Privileges & mounts (K8s)
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* **SecurityContext:** `runAsUser: 0`, `readOnlyRootFilesystem: true`, `allowPrivilegeEscalation: false`.
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* **Capabilities:** `CAP_SYS_PTRACE` (optional if using nsenter trace), `CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH`.
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* **Host mounts (read‑only):**
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* `/proc` (host) → `/host/proc`
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* `/run/containerd/containerd.sock` (or CRI‑O socket)
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* `/var/lib/containerd/io.containerd.runtime.v2.task` (rootfs paths & pids)
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* **Networking:** cluster‑internal egress to Scanner.WebService only.
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* **Rate limits:** hard caps for bytes hashed and file count per container to avoid noisy tenants.
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### 3.3 Event batching
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* Buffer ND‑JSON; flush by **N events** or **2 s**.
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* Backpressure: local disk ring buffer (50 MB default) if Scanner is temporarily unavailable; drop oldest after cap with **metrics** and **warning** event.
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### 3.4 Build-id capture & validation workflow
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1. When Observer sees a `CONTAINER_START` it dereferences `/proc/<pid>/exe`, extracts the `NT_GNU_BUILD_ID` note, normalises it to lower-case hex, and sends it as `process.buildId` in the runtime envelope.
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2. Scanner.WebService persists the observation and propagates the most recent hashes into `/policy/runtime` responses (`buildIds` list) and policy caches consumed by the webhook/CLI.
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3. Release engineering copies the matching `.debug` files into the bundle (`debug/.build-id/<aa>/<rest>.debug`) and publishes `debug/debug-manifest.json` with per-hash digests. Offline Kit packaging reuses those artefacts verbatim (see `ops/offline-kit/mirror_debug_store.py`).
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4. Operators resolve symbols by either:
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* calling `stellaops-cli runtime policy test --image <digest>` to read the current `buildIds` and then fetching the corresponding `.debug` file from the bundle/offline mirror, or
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* piping the hash into `debuginfod-find debuginfo <buildId>` when a `debuginfod` service is wired against the mirrored tree.
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5. Missing hashes indicate stripped binaries without GNU notes; operators should trigger a rebuild with `-Wl,--build-id` or register a fallback symbol package as described in the runtime operations runbook.
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---
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## 4) Admission Webhook (Kubernetes)
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### 4.1 Gate criteria
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Configurable policy (fetched from backend and cached):
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* **Image signature**: must be cosign‑verifiable to configured key(s) or keyless identities.
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* **SBOM availability**: at least one **CycloneDX** referrer or **Scanner.WebService** catalog entry.
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* **Scanner policy verdict**: backend `PASS` required for namespaces/labels matching rules; allow `WARN` if configured.
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* **Registry allowlists/denylists**.
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* **Tag bans** (e.g., `:latest`).
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* **Base image allowlists** (by digest).
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### 4.2 Flow
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```mermaid
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sequenceDiagram
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autonumber
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participant K8s as API Server
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participant WH as Zastava Webhook
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participant SW as Scanner.WebService
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K8s->>WH: AdmissionReview(Pod)
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WH->>WH: Resolve images to digests (remote HEAD/pull if needed)
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WH->>SW: POST /policy/runtime { digests, namespace, labels }
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SW-->>WH: { per-image: {signed, hasSbom, verdict, reasons}, ttl }
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alt All pass
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WH-->>K8s: AdmissionResponse(Allow, ttl)
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else Any fail (enforce=true)
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WH-->>K8s: AdmissionResponse(Deny, message)
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end
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```
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**Caching:** Per‑digest result cached `ttlSeconds` (default 300 s). **Fail‑open** or **fail‑closed** is configurable per namespace.
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### 4.3 TLS & HA
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* Webhook has its own **serving cert** signed by cluster CA (or custom cert + CA bundle on configuration).
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* Deployment ≥ 2 replicas; **leaderless**; stateless.
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---
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## 5) Backend integration (Scanner.WebService)
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### 5.1 Ingestion endpoint
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`POST /api/v1/scanner/runtime/events` *(OpTok + DPoP/mTLS)*
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* Validates event schema; enforces rate caps by tenant/node; persists to **Mongo** (`runtime.events` capped collection or regular with TTL).
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* Performs **correlation**:
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* Attach nearest **image SBOM** (inventory/usage) and **BOM‑Index** if known.
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* If unknown/missing, schedule **delta scan** and return `202 Accepted`.
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* Emits **derived signals** (usedByEntrypoint per component based on `/proc/<pid>/maps`).
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### 5.2 Policy decision API (for webhook)
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`POST /api/v1/scanner/policy/runtime`
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The webhook reuses the shared runtime stack (`AddZastavaRuntimeCore` + `IZastavaAuthorityTokenProvider`) so OpTok caching, DPoP enforcement, and telemetry behave identically to the observer plane.
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Request:
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```json
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{
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"namespace": "payments",
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"labels": { "app": "api", "env": "prod" },
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"images": ["ghcr.io/acme/api@sha256:...", "ghcr.io/acme/nginx@sha256:..."]
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}
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```
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Response:
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```json
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{
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"ttlSeconds": 300,
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"results": {
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"ghcr.io/acme/api@sha256:...": {
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"signed": true,
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"hasSbom": true,
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"policyVerdict": "pass",
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"reasons": [],
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"rekor": { "uuid": "..." }
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},
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"ghcr.io/acme/nginx@sha256:...": {
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"signed": false,
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"hasSbom": false,
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"policyVerdict": "fail",
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"reasons": ["unsigned", "missing SBOM"]
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}
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}
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}
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```
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---
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## 6) Configuration (YAML)
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```yaml
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zastava:
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mode:
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observer: true
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webhook: true
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backend:
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baseAddress: "https://scanner-web.internal"
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policyPath: "/api/v1/scanner/policy/runtime"
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requestTimeoutSeconds: 5
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allowInsecureHttp: false
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runtime:
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authority:
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issuer: "https://authority.internal"
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clientId: "zastava-observer"
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audience: ["scanner","zastava"]
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scopes:
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- "api:scanner.runtime.write"
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refreshSkewSeconds: 120
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requireDpop: true
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requireMutualTls: true
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allowStaticTokenFallback: false
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staticTokenPath: null # Optional bootstrap secret
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tenant: "tenant-01"
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environment: "prod"
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deployment: "cluster-a"
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logging:
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includeScopes: true
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includeActivityTracking: true
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staticScope:
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plane: "runtime"
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metrics:
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meterName: "StellaOps.Zastava"
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meterVersion: "1.0.0"
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commonTags:
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cluster: "prod-cluster"
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engine: "auto" # containerd|cri-o|docker|auto
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procfs: "/host/proc"
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collect:
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entryTrace: true
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loadedLibs: true
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maxLibs: 256
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maxHashBytesPerContainer: 64_000_000
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maxDepth: 48
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admission:
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enforce: true
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failOpenNamespaces: ["dev", "test"]
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verify:
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imageSignature: true
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sbomReferrer: true
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scannerPolicyPass: true
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cacheTtlSeconds: 300
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resolveTags: true # do remote digest resolution for tag-only images
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limits:
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eventsPerSecond: 50
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burst: 200
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perNodeQueue: 10_000
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security:
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mounts:
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containerdSock: "/run/containerd/containerd.sock:ro"
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proc: "/proc:/host/proc:ro"
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runtimeState: "/var/lib/containerd:ro"
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```
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> Implementation note: both `zastava-observer` and `zastava-webhook` call `services.AddZastavaRuntimeCore(configuration, "<component>")` during start-up to bind the `zastava:runtime` section, enforce validation, and register canonical log scopes + meters.
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---
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## 7) Security posture
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* **AuthN/Z**: Authority OpToks (DPoP preferred) to backend; webhook does **not** require client auth from API server (K8s handles).
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* **Least privileges**: read‑only host mounts; optional `CAP_SYS_PTRACE`; **no** host networking; **no** write mounts.
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* **Isolation**: never exec untrusted code; nsenter only to **read** `/proc/<pid>`.
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* **Data minimization**: do not exfiltrate env vars or command arguments unless policy explicitly enables diagnostic mode.
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* **Rate limiting**: per‑node caps; per‑tenant caps at backend.
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* **Hard caps**: bytes hashed, files inspected, depth of shell parsing.
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* **Authority guardrails**: `AddZastavaRuntimeCore` binds `zastava.runtime.authority` and refuses tokens without `aud:<tenant>` scope; optional knobs (`requireDpop`, `requireMutualTls`, `allowStaticTokenFallback`) emit structured warnings when relaxed.
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---
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## 8) Metrics, logs, tracing
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**Observer**
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* `zastava.runtime.events.total{kind}`
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* `zastava.runtime.backend.latency.ms{endpoint="events"}`
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* `zastava.proc_maps.samples.total{result}`
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* `zastava.entrytrace.depth{p99}`
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* `zastava.hash.bytes.total`
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* `zastava.buffer.drops.total`
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**Webhook**
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* `zastava.admission.decisions.total{decision}`
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* `zastava.runtime.backend.latency.ms{endpoint="policy"}`
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* `zastava.admission.cache.hits.total`
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* `zastava.backend.failures.total`
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**Logs** (structured): node, pod, image digest, decision, reasons.
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**Tracing**: spans for observe→batch→post; webhook request→resolve→respond.
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||||
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||||
---
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||||
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## 9) Performance & scale targets
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* **Observer**: ≤ **30 ms** to sample `/proc/<pid>/maps` and compute quick hashes for ≤ 64 files; ≤ **200 ms** for full library set (256 libs).
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* **Webhook**: P95 ≤ **8 ms** with warm cache; ≤ **50 ms** with one backend round‑trip.
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* **Throughput**: 1k admission requests/min/replica; 5k runtime events/min/node with batching.
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||||
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||||
---
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||||
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## 10) Drift detection model
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**Signals**
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* **Process drift**: terminal program differs from **EntryTrace** baseline.
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* **Library drift**: loaded DSOs not present in **Usage** SBOM view.
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||||
* **Filesystem drift**: new executable files under `/usr/local/bin`, `/opt`, `/app` with **mtime** after image creation.
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||||
* **Network drift** (optional): listening sockets on unexpected ports (from policy).
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||||
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||||
**Action**
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||||
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||||
* Emit `DRIFT` event with evidence; backend can **auto‑queue** a delta scan; policy may **escalate** to alert/block (Admission cannot block already‑running pods; rely on K8s policies/PodSecurity or operator action).
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||||
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||||
---
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||||
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||||
## 11) Test matrix
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||||
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||||
* **Engines**: containerd, CRI‑O, Docker; ensure PID resolution and rootfs mapping.
|
||||
* **EntryTrace**: bash features (case, if, run‑parts, `.`/`source`), language launchers (python/node/java).
|
||||
* **Procfs**: multiple arches, musl/glibc images; static binaries (maps minimal).
|
||||
* **Admission**: unsigned images, missing SBOM referrers, tag‑only images, digest resolution, backend latency, cache TTL.
|
||||
* **Perf/soak**: 500 Pods/node churn; webhook under HPA growth.
|
||||
* **Security**: attempt privilege escalation disabled, read‑only mounts enforced, rate‑limit abuse.
|
||||
* **Failure injection**: backend down (observer buffers, webhook fail‑open/closed), registry throttling, containerd socket unavailable.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 12) Failure modes & responses
|
||||
|
||||
| Condition | Observer behavior | Webhook behavior |
|
||||
| ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
|
||||
| Backend unreachable | Buffer to disk; drop after cap; emit metric | **Fail‑open/closed** per namespace config |
|
||||
| PID vanished mid‑sample | Retry once; emit partial evidence | N/A |
|
||||
| CRI socket missing | Fallback to K8s events only (reduced fidelity) | N/A |
|
||||
| Registry digest resolve blocked | Defer to backend; mark `resolve=unknown` | Deny or allow per `resolveTags` & `failOpenNamespaces` |
|
||||
| Excessive events | Apply local rate limit, coalesce | N/A |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 13) Deployment notes (K8s)
|
||||
|
||||
**DaemonSet (snippet):**
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
apiVersion: apps/v1
|
||||
kind: DaemonSet
|
||||
metadata: { name: zastava-observer, namespace: stellaops }
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
template:
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
serviceAccountName: zastava
|
||||
hostPID: true
|
||||
containers:
|
||||
- name: observer
|
||||
image: stellaops/zastava-observer:2.3
|
||||
securityContext:
|
||||
runAsUser: 0
|
||||
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
|
||||
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
|
||||
capabilities: { add: ["SYS_PTRACE","DAC_READ_SEARCH"] }
|
||||
volumeMounts:
|
||||
- { name: proc, mountPath: /host/proc, readOnly: true }
|
||||
- { name: containerd-sock, mountPath: /run/containerd/containerd.sock, readOnly: true }
|
||||
- { name: containerd-state, mountPath: /var/lib/containerd, readOnly: true }
|
||||
volumes:
|
||||
- { name: proc, hostPath: { path: /proc } }
|
||||
- { name: containerd-sock, hostPath: { path: /run/containerd/containerd.sock } }
|
||||
- { name: containerd-state, hostPath: { path: /var/lib/containerd } }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Webhook (snippet):**
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
|
||||
kind: ValidatingWebhookConfiguration
|
||||
webhooks:
|
||||
- name: gate.zastava.stella-ops.org
|
||||
admissionReviewVersions: ["v1"]
|
||||
sideEffects: None
|
||||
failurePolicy: Ignore # or Fail
|
||||
rules:
|
||||
- operations: ["CREATE","UPDATE"]
|
||||
apiGroups: [""]
|
||||
apiVersions: ["v1"]
|
||||
resources: ["pods"]
|
||||
clientConfig:
|
||||
service:
|
||||
namespace: stellaops
|
||||
name: zastava-webhook
|
||||
path: /admit
|
||||
caBundle: <base64 CA>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 14) Implementation notes
|
||||
|
||||
* **Language**: Rust (observer) for low‑latency `/proc` parsing; Go/.NET viable too. Webhook can be .NET 10 for parity with backend.
|
||||
* **CRI drivers**: pluggable (`containerd`, `cri-o`, `docker`). Prefer CRI over parsing logs.
|
||||
* **Shell parser**: re‑use Scanner.EntryTrace grammar for consistent results (compile to WASM if observer is Rust/Go).
|
||||
* **Hashing**: `BLAKE3` for speed locally, then convert to `sha256` (or compute `sha256` directly when budget allows).
|
||||
* **Resilience**: never block container start; observer is **passive**; only webhook decides allow/deny.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 15) Roadmap
|
||||
|
||||
* **eBPF** option for syscall/library load tracing (kernel‑level, opt‑in).
|
||||
* **Windows containers** support (ETW providers, loaded modules).
|
||||
* **Network posture** checks: listening ports vs policy.
|
||||
* **Live **used‑by‑entrypoint** synthesis**: send compact bitset diff to backend to tighten Usage view.
|
||||
* **Admission dry‑run** dashboards (simulate block lists before enforcing).
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user