diff --git a/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/BudgetThresholdNotifier.cs b/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/BudgetThresholdNotifier.cs
index 6ef8c08a0..a2f3dfb2d 100644
--- a/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/BudgetThresholdNotifier.cs
+++ b/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/BudgetThresholdNotifier.cs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ public sealed class BudgetThresholdNotifier
 {
     private readonly INotifyEventPublisher _publisher;
     private readonly ILogger<BudgetThresholdNotifier> _logger;
+    private readonly TimeProvider _timeProvider;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Thresholds for different budget status levels.
@@ -37,10 +38,12 @@ public sealed class BudgetThresholdNotifier
     /// </summary>
     public BudgetThresholdNotifier(
         INotifyEventPublisher publisher,
-        ILogger<BudgetThresholdNotifier> logger)
+        ILogger<BudgetThresholdNotifier> logger,
+        TimeProvider? timeProvider = null)
     {
         _publisher = publisher ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(publisher));
         _logger = logger ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logger));
+        _timeProvider = timeProvider ?? TimeProvider.System;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ public sealed class BudgetThresholdNotifier
     {
         if (budget.Status >= BudgetStatus.Yellow)
         {
-            var payload = CreatePayload(budget, "warning");
+            var payload = CreatePayload(budget, "warning", _timeProvider);
             await _publisher.PublishAsync(
                 BudgetEventKinds.PolicyBudgetWarning,
                 tenantId,
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ public sealed class BudgetThresholdNotifier
         string tenantId,
         CancellationToken ct = default)
     {
-        var payload = CreatePayload(budget, "exceeded");
+        var payload = CreatePayload(budget, "exceeded", _timeProvider);
         await _publisher.PublishAsync(
             BudgetEventKinds.PolicyBudgetExceeded,
             tenantId,
@@ -118,7 +121,7 @@ public sealed class BudgetThresholdNotifier
             ? BudgetEventKinds.PolicyBudgetExceeded
             : BudgetEventKinds.PolicyBudgetWarning;
 
-        var payload = CreatePayload(after, after.Status.ToString().ToLowerInvariant());
+        var payload = CreatePayload(after, after.Status.ToString().ToLowerInvariant(), _timeProvider);
         payload["previousStatus"] = before.Status.ToString().ToLowerInvariant();
 
         await _publisher.PublishAsync(eventKind, tenantId, payload, ct);
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ public sealed class BudgetThresholdNotifier
             after.Status);
     }
 
-    private static JsonObject CreatePayload(RiskBudget budget, string severity)
+    private static JsonObject CreatePayload(RiskBudget budget, string severity, TimeProvider timeProvider)
     {
         return new JsonObject
         {
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ public sealed class BudgetThresholdNotifier
             ["percentageUsed"] = budget.PercentageUsed,
             ["status"] = budget.Status.ToString().ToLowerInvariant(),
             ["severity"] = severity,
-            ["timestamp"] = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToString("O")
+            ["timestamp"] = timeProvider.GetUtcNow().ToString("O")
         };
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/EarnedCapacityReplenishment.cs b/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/EarnedCapacityReplenishment.cs
index 72da73a83..864bbeba6 100644
--- a/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/EarnedCapacityReplenishment.cs
+++ b/src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Gates/EarnedCapacityReplenishment.cs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ public sealed class EarnedCapacityEvaluator
     private readonly IPerformanceMetricsStore _metricsStore;
     private readonly IBudgetStore _budgetStore;
     private readonly EarnedCapacityOptions _options;
+    private readonly TimeProvider _timeProvider;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Create a new earned capacity evaluator.
@@ -23,11 +24,13 @@ public sealed class EarnedCapacityEvaluator
     public EarnedCapacityEvaluator(
         IPerformanceMetricsStore metricsStore,
         IBudgetStore budgetStore,
-        EarnedCapacityOptions? options = null)
+        EarnedCapacityOptions? options = null,
+        TimeProvider? timeProvider = null)
     {
         _metricsStore = metricsStore ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(metricsStore));
         _budgetStore = budgetStore ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(budgetStore));
         _options = options ?? new EarnedCapacityOptions();
+        _timeProvider = timeProvider ?? TimeProvider.System;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ public sealed class EarnedCapacityEvaluator
         var updatedBudget = budget with
         {
             Allocated = budget.Allocated + additionalPoints,
-            UpdatedAt = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow
+            UpdatedAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow()
         };
 
         await _budgetStore.UpdateAsync(updatedBudget, ct);