up

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/AGENTS.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # StellaOps.Policy — Agent Charter
 
 ## Mission
-Deliver the policy engine outlined in `docs/modules/scanner/ARCHITECTURE.md` and related prose:
-- Define YAML schema (ignore rules, VEX inclusion/exclusion, vendor precedence, license gates).
+Deliver the policy engine outlined in `docs/modules/policy/architecture.md`:
+- Define SPL v1 schema (policy documents, statements, conditions) and scoring schema; keep fixtures and embedded resources current.
 - Provide policy snapshot storage with revision digests and diagnostics.
 - Offer preview APIs to compare policy impacts on existing reports.
 

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/PolicyEvaluation.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,12 @@ namespace StellaOps.Policy;
 
 public static class PolicyEvaluation
 {
-    public static PolicyVerdict EvaluateFinding(PolicyDocument document, PolicyScoringConfig scoringConfig, PolicyFinding finding)
-    {
+    public static PolicyVerdict EvaluateFinding(
+        PolicyDocument document,
+        PolicyScoringConfig scoringConfig,
+        PolicyFinding finding,
+        out PolicyExplanation? explanation)
+    {
         if (document is null)
         {
             throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(document));
@@ -40,35 +44,49 @@ public static class PolicyEvaluation
             resolvedReachabilityKey);
         var unknownConfidence = ComputeUnknownConfidence(scoringConfig.UnknownConfidence, finding);
 
-        foreach (var rule in document.Rules)
-        {
-            if (!RuleMatches(rule, finding))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
+        foreach (var rule in document.Rules)
+        {
+            if (!RuleMatches(rule, finding))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            return BuildVerdict(rule, finding, scoringConfig, components, unknownConfidence, out explanation);
+        }
+
+        explanation = new PolicyExplanation(
+            finding.FindingId,
+            PolicyVerdictStatus.Allowed,
+            null,
+            "No rule matched; baseline applied",
+            ImmutableArray.Create(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("rule", "No matching rule")));
+
+        var baseline = PolicyVerdict.CreateBaseline(finding.FindingId, scoringConfig);
+        return ApplyUnknownConfidence(baseline, unknownConfidence);
+    }
 
-            return BuildVerdict(rule, finding, scoringConfig, components, unknownConfidence);
-        }
-
-        var baseline = PolicyVerdict.CreateBaseline(finding.FindingId, scoringConfig);
-        return ApplyUnknownConfidence(baseline, unknownConfidence);
-    }
-
-    private static PolicyVerdict BuildVerdict(
-        PolicyRule rule,
-        PolicyFinding finding,
-        PolicyScoringConfig config,
-        ScoringComponents components,
-        UnknownConfidenceResult? unknownConfidence)
-    {
+    private static PolicyVerdict BuildVerdict(
+        PolicyRule rule,
+        PolicyFinding finding,
+        PolicyScoringConfig config,
+        ScoringComponents components,
+        UnknownConfidenceResult? unknownConfidence,
+        out PolicyExplanation explanation)
+    {
         var action = rule.Action;
         var status = MapAction(action);
-        var notes = BuildNotes(action);
+        var notes = BuildNotes(action);
+        var explanationNodes = ImmutableArray.CreateBuilder<PolicyExplanationNode>();
+        explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("rule", $"Matched rule '{rule.Name}'", rule.Identifier));
         var inputs = ImmutableDictionary.CreateBuilder<string, double>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
         inputs["severityWeight"] = components.SeverityWeight;
         inputs["trustWeight"] = components.TrustWeight;
         inputs["reachabilityWeight"] = components.ReachabilityWeight;
-        inputs["baseScore"] = components.BaseScore;
+        inputs["baseScore"] = components.BaseScore;
+        explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Branch("score", "Base score", components.BaseScore.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+            PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("severityWeight", "Severity weight", components.SeverityWeight.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)),
+            PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("trustWeight", "Trust weight", components.TrustWeight.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)),
+            PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("reachabilityWeight", "Reachability weight", components.ReachabilityWeight.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))));
         if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(components.TrustKey))
         {
             inputs[$"trustWeight.{components.TrustKey}"] = components.TrustWeight;
@@ -79,13 +97,14 @@ public static class PolicyEvaluation
         }
         if (unknownConfidence is { Band.Description: { Length: > 0 } description })
         {
-            notes = AppendNote(notes, description);
-        }
-        if (unknownConfidence is { } unknownDetails)
-        {
-            inputs["unknownConfidence"] = unknownDetails.Confidence;
-            inputs["unknownAgeDays"] = unknownDetails.AgeDays;
-        }
+            notes = AppendNote(notes, description);
+            explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("unknown", description));
+        }
+        if (unknownConfidence is { } unknownDetails)
+        {
+            inputs["unknownConfidence"] = unknownDetails.Confidence;
+            inputs["unknownAgeDays"] = unknownDetails.AgeDays;
+        }
 
         double score = components.BaseScore;
         string? quietedBy = null;
@@ -94,8 +113,8 @@ public static class PolicyEvaluation
         var quietRequested = action.Quiet;
         var quietAllowed = quietRequested && (action.RequireVex is not null || action.Type == PolicyActionType.RequireVex);
 
-        if (quietRequested && !quietAllowed)
-        {
+        if (quietRequested && !quietAllowed)
+        {
             var warnInputs = ImmutableDictionary.CreateBuilder<string, double>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
             foreach (var pair in inputs)
             {
@@ -112,10 +131,17 @@ public static class PolicyEvaluation
             var warnScore = Math.Max(0, components.BaseScore - warnPenalty);
             var warnNotes = AppendNote(notes, "Quiet flag ignored: rule must specify requireVex justifications.");
 
-            return new PolicyVerdict(
-                finding.FindingId,
-                PolicyVerdictStatus.Warned,
-                rule.Name,
+            explanation = new PolicyExplanation(
+                finding.FindingId,
+                PolicyVerdictStatus.Warned,
+                rule.Name,
+                "Quiet flag ignored; requireVex not provided",
+                explanationNodes.ToImmutable());
+
+            return new PolicyVerdict(
+                finding.FindingId,
+                PolicyVerdictStatus.Warned,
+                rule.Name,
                 action.Type.ToString(),
                 warnNotes,
                 warnScore,
@@ -130,33 +156,56 @@ public static class PolicyEvaluation
                 Reachability: components.ReachabilityKey);
         }
 
-        switch (status)
-        {
-            case PolicyVerdictStatus.Ignored:
-                score = ApplyPenalty(score, config.IgnorePenalty, inputs, "ignorePenalty");
-                break;
-            case PolicyVerdictStatus.Warned:
-                score = ApplyPenalty(score, config.WarnPenalty, inputs, "warnPenalty");
-                break;
-            case PolicyVerdictStatus.Deferred:
-                var deferPenalty = config.WarnPenalty / 2;
-                score = ApplyPenalty(score, deferPenalty, inputs, "deferPenalty");
-                break;
-        }
+        if (status != PolicyVerdictStatus.Allowed)
+        {
+            explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("action", $"Action {action.Type}", status.ToString()));
+        }
+
+        switch (status)
+        {
+            case PolicyVerdictStatus.Ignored:
+                score = ApplyPenalty(score, config.IgnorePenalty, inputs, "ignorePenalty");
+                explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("penalty", "Ignore penalty", config.IgnorePenalty.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
+                break;
+            case PolicyVerdictStatus.Warned:
+                score = ApplyPenalty(score, config.WarnPenalty, inputs, "warnPenalty");
+                explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("penalty", "Warn penalty", config.WarnPenalty.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
+                break;
+            case PolicyVerdictStatus.Deferred:
+                var deferPenalty = config.WarnPenalty / 2;
+                score = ApplyPenalty(score, deferPenalty, inputs, "deferPenalty");
+                explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("penalty", "Defer penalty", deferPenalty.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
+                break;
+        }
 
-        if (quietAllowed)
-        {
-            score = ApplyPenalty(score, config.QuietPenalty, inputs, "quietPenalty");
-            quietedBy = rule.Name;
-            quiet = true;
-        }
-
-        return new PolicyVerdict(
-            finding.FindingId,
-            status,
-            rule.Name,
-            action.Type.ToString(),
-            notes,
+        if (quietAllowed)
+        {
+            score = ApplyPenalty(score, config.QuietPenalty, inputs, "quietPenalty");
+            quietedBy = rule.Name;
+            quiet = true;
+            explanationNodes.Add(PolicyExplanationNode.Leaf("quiet", "Quiet applied", config.QuietPenalty.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
+        }
+
+        explanation = new PolicyExplanation(
+            finding.FindingId,
+            status,
+            rule.Name,
+            notes,
+            explanationNodes.ToImmutable());
+
+        explanation = new PolicyExplanation(
+            finding.FindingId,
+            status,
+            rule.Name,
+            notes,
+            explanationNodes.ToImmutable());
+
+        return new PolicyVerdict(
+            finding.FindingId,
+            status,
+            rule.Name,
+            action.Type.ToString(),
+            notes,
             score,
             config.Version,
             inputs.ToImmutable(),
@@ -180,12 +229,12 @@ public static class PolicyEvaluation
         return Math.Max(0, score - penalty);
     }
 
-    private static PolicyVerdict ApplyUnknownConfidence(PolicyVerdict verdict, UnknownConfidenceResult? unknownConfidence)
-    {
-        if (unknownConfidence is null)
-        {
-            return verdict;
-        }
+    private static PolicyVerdict ApplyUnknownConfidence(PolicyVerdict verdict, UnknownConfidenceResult? unknownConfidence)
+    {
+        if (unknownConfidence is null)
+        {
+            return verdict;
+        }
 
         var inputsBuilder = ImmutableDictionary.CreateBuilder<string, double>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
         foreach (var pair in verdict.GetInputs())
@@ -196,12 +245,12 @@ public static class PolicyEvaluation
         inputsBuilder["unknownConfidence"] = unknownConfidence.Value.Confidence;
         inputsBuilder["unknownAgeDays"] = unknownConfidence.Value.AgeDays;
 
-        return verdict with
-        {
-            Inputs = inputsBuilder.ToImmutable(),
-            UnknownConfidence = unknownConfidence.Value.Confidence,
-            ConfidenceBand = unknownConfidence.Value.Band.Name,
-            UnknownAgeDays = unknownConfidence.Value.AgeDays,
+        return verdict with
+        {
+            Inputs = inputsBuilder.ToImmutable(),
+            UnknownConfidence = unknownConfidence.Value.Confidence,
+            ConfidenceBand = unknownConfidence.Value.Band.Name,
+            UnknownAgeDays = unknownConfidence.Value.AgeDays,
         };
     }
 

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/PolicyExplanation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+using System.Collections.Immutable;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Structured explanation describing how a policy decision was reached.
+/// </summary>
+/// <param name="FindingId">Identifier of the evaluated finding.</param>
+/// <param name="Decision">Final verdict status (e.g., Allow, Block, Warned).</param>
+/// <param name="RuleName">Name of the rule that matched, if any.</param>
+/// <param name="Reason">Human-readable summary.</param>
+/// <param name="Nodes">Tree of evaluated nodes (rule, match, action, penalties, quieting, unknown confidence).</param>
+public sealed record PolicyExplanation(
+    string FindingId,
+    PolicyVerdictStatus Decision,
+    string? RuleName,
+    string Reason,
+    ImmutableArray<PolicyExplanationNode> Nodes)
+{
+    public static PolicyExplanation Allow(string findingId, string? ruleName, string reason, params PolicyExplanationNode[] nodes) =>
+        new(findingId, PolicyVerdictStatus.Allowed, ruleName, reason, nodes.ToImmutableArray());
+
+    public static PolicyExplanation Block(string findingId, string? ruleName, string reason, params PolicyExplanationNode[] nodes) =>
+        new(findingId, PolicyVerdictStatus.Blocked, ruleName, reason, nodes.ToImmutableArray());
+
+    public static PolicyExplanation Warn(string findingId, string? ruleName, string reason, params PolicyExplanationNode[] nodes) =>
+        new(findingId, PolicyVerdictStatus.Warned, ruleName, reason, nodes.ToImmutableArray());
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A single explanation node with optional children to capture evaluation breadcrumbs.
+/// </summary>
+/// <param name="Kind">Short classifier (e.g., "rule", "match", "penalty", "quiet", "unknown").</param>
+/// <param name="Label">Human-readable label.</param>
+/// <param name="Detail">Optional detail (numeric or string rendered as text).</param>
+/// <param name="Children">Nested explanation nodes.</param>
+public sealed record PolicyExplanationNode(
+    string Kind,
+    string Label,
+    string? Detail,
+    ImmutableArray<PolicyExplanationNode> Children)
+{
+    public static PolicyExplanationNode Leaf(string kind, string label, string? detail = null) =>
+        new(kind, label, detail, ImmutableArray<PolicyExplanationNode>.Empty);
+
+    public static PolicyExplanationNode Branch(string kind, string label, string? detail = null, params PolicyExplanationNode[] children) =>
+        new(kind, label, detail, children.ToImmutableArray());
+}

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/PolicyPreviewService.cs

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public sealed class PolicyPreviewService
         var results = ImmutableArray.CreateBuilder<PolicyVerdict>(findings.Length);
         foreach (var finding in findings)
         {
-            var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, scoringConfig, finding);
+            var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, scoringConfig, finding, out _);
             results.Add(verdict);
         }
 

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/PolicyValidationCli.cs

@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ public sealed class PolicyValidationCli
         _error = error ?? Console.Error;
     }
 
-    public async Task<int> RunAsync(PolicyValidationCliOptions options, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-    {
+    public async Task<int> RunAsync(PolicyValidationCliOptions options, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
         if (options is null)
         {
             throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
@@ -71,8 +71,18 @@ public sealed class PolicyValidationCli
 
                 var format = PolicySchema.DetectFormat(path);
                 var content = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(path, cancellationToken);
-                var bindingResult = PolicyBinder.Bind(content, format);
-                var diagnostics = PolicyDiagnostics.Create(bindingResult);
+                var bindingResult = PolicyBinder.Bind(content, format);
+                var diagnostics = PolicyDiagnostics.Create(bindingResult);
+
+                if (bindingResult.Success && bindingResult.Document is { } doc)
+                {
+                    var splJson = SplMigrationTool.ToSplPolicyJson(doc);
+                    var splHash = SplCanonicalizer.ComputeDigest(splJson);
+                    diagnostics = diagnostics with
+                    {
+                        Recommendations = diagnostics.Recommendations.Add($"canonical.spl.digest:{splHash}"),
+                    };
+                }
 
                 results.Add(new PolicyValidationFileResult(path, bindingResult, diagnostics));
             }

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Schemas/spl-sample@1.json

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "apiVersion": "spl.stellaops/v1",
+  "kind": "Policy",
+  "metadata": {
+    "name": "demo-access",
+    "description": "Sample SPL policy allowing read access to demo resources",
+    "labels": {
+      "env": "demo",
+      "owner": "policy-guild"
+    }
+  },
+  "spec": {
+    "defaultEffect": "deny",
+    "statements": [
+      {
+        "id": "allow-read-demo",
+        "effect": "allow",
+        "description": "Allow read on demo resources",
+        "match": {
+          "resource": "demo/*",
+          "actions": ["read"],
+          "reachability": "direct",
+          "exploitability": {
+            "epss": 0.42,
+            "kev": false
+          },
+          "conditions": [
+            {
+              "field": "request.tenant",
+              "operator": "eq",
+              "value": "demo"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "audit": {
+          "message": "demo read granted",
+          "severity": "info"
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/Schemas/spl-schema@1.json

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "$id": "https://schemas.stellaops.io/policy/spl-schema@1.json",
+  "title": "Stella Policy Language (SPL) v1",
+  "type": "object",
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "required": ["apiVersion", "kind", "metadata", "spec"],
+  "properties": {
+    "apiVersion": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "const": "spl.stellaops/v1"
+    },
+    "kind": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "const": "Policy"
+    },
+    "metadata": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "required": ["name"],
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "pattern": "^[a-z0-9]([a-z0-9-]{0,62}[a-z0-9])?$",
+          "description": "DNS-style name, 1-64 chars, lowercase, hyphen separated"
+        },
+        "description": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "maxLength": 512
+        },
+        "labels": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "maxLength": 128
+          }
+        },
+        "annotations": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "maxLength": 2048
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "spec": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "required": ["statements"],
+      "properties": {
+        "defaultEffect": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": ["allow", "deny"],
+          "default": "deny"
+        },
+        "statements": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "minItems": 1,
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "required": ["id", "effect", "match"],
+            "properties": {
+              "id": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "pattern": "^[A-Za-z0-9_.-]{1,64}$"
+              },
+              "effect": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "enum": ["allow", "deny"]
+              },
+              "description": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "maxLength": 512
+              },
+              "match": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "additionalProperties": false,
+                "required": ["resource", "actions"],
+                "properties": {
+                  "resource": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "maxLength": 256
+                  },
+                  "actions": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "minItems": 1,
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                      "maxLength": 128
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "reachability": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": ["none", "indirect", "direct"],
+                    "description": "Optional reachability asserted for the matched resource (e.g., entrypoint usage)."
+                  },
+                  "exploitability": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "additionalProperties": false,
+                    "properties": {
+                      "epss": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "minimum": 0,
+                        "maximum": 1
+                      },
+                      "kev": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "description": "Known exploited vulnerability flag."
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "conditions": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": {
+                      "type": "object",
+                      "additionalProperties": false,
+                      "required": ["field", "operator", "value"],
+                      "properties": {
+                        "field": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "maxLength": 256
+                        },
+                        "operator": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                          "enum": [
+                            "eq",
+                            "neq",
+                            "gt",
+                            "gte",
+                            "lt",
+                            "lte",
+                            "in",
+                            "nin",
+                            "contains",
+                            "startsWith",
+                            "endsWith"
+                          ]
+                        },
+                        "value": {}
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "audit": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "additionalProperties": false,
+                "properties": {
+                  "message": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "maxLength": 512
+                  },
+                  "severity": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "enum": ["info", "warn", "error"],
+                    "default": "info"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/SplCanonicalizer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Canonicalizes SPL (Stella Policy Language) documents and produces stable digests.
+/// Sorting is applied where order is not semantically meaningful (statements, actions, conditions)
+/// so the same policy yields identical hashes regardless of authoring order or whitespace.
+/// </summary>
+public static class SplCanonicalizer
+{
+    private static readonly JsonDocumentOptions DocumentOptions = new()
+    {
+        AllowTrailingCommas = true,
+        CommentHandling = JsonCommentHandling.Skip,
+    };
+
+    private static readonly JsonWriterOptions WriterOptions = new()
+    {
+        Indented = false,
+        SkipValidation = false,
+    };
+
+    public static byte[] CanonicalizeToUtf8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> json)
+    {
+        using var document = JsonDocument.Parse(json, DocumentOptions);
+        var buffer = new ArrayBufferWriter<byte>();
+
+        using (var writer = new Utf8JsonWriter(buffer, WriterOptions))
+        {
+            WriteCanonicalValue(writer, document.RootElement, Array.Empty<string>());
+        }
+
+        return buffer.WrittenSpan.ToArray();
+    }
+
+    public static string CanonicalizeToString(string json)
+    {
+        var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(json);
+        return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(CanonicalizeToUtf8(bytes));
+    }
+
+    public static string ComputeDigest(string json)
+    {
+        var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(json);
+        return ComputeDigest(bytes);
+    }
+
+    public static string ComputeDigest(ReadOnlySpan<byte> json)
+    {
+        var canonical = CanonicalizeToUtf8(json);
+        var hash = SHA256.HashData(canonical);
+        return Convert.ToHexString(hash).ToLowerInvariant();
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteCanonicalValue(Utf8JsonWriter writer, JsonElement element, IReadOnlyList<string> path)
+    {
+        switch (element.ValueKind)
+        {
+            case JsonValueKind.Object:
+                WriteCanonicalObject(writer, element, path);
+                break;
+            case JsonValueKind.Array:
+                WriteCanonicalArray(writer, element, path);
+                break;
+            default:
+                element.WriteTo(writer);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteCanonicalObject(Utf8JsonWriter writer, JsonElement element, IReadOnlyList<string> path)
+    {
+        writer.WriteStartObject();
+
+        foreach (var property in element.EnumerateObject().OrderBy(static p => p.Name, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            writer.WritePropertyName(property.Name);
+            WriteCanonicalValue(writer, property.Value, Append(path, property.Name));
+        }
+
+        writer.WriteEndObject();
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteCanonicalArray(Utf8JsonWriter writer, JsonElement element, IReadOnlyList<string> path)
+    {
+        writer.WriteStartArray();
+
+        IEnumerable<JsonElement> sequence = element.EnumerateArray();
+
+        if (IsStatementsPath(path))
+        {
+            sequence = sequence.OrderBy(GetStatementSortKey, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        }
+        else if (IsActionsPath(path))
+        {
+            sequence = sequence.OrderBy(static v => v.GetString(), StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        }
+        else if (IsConditionsPath(path))
+        {
+            sequence = sequence.OrderBy(GetConditionSortKey, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var item in sequence)
+        {
+            WriteCanonicalValue(writer, item, path);
+        }
+
+        writer.WriteEndArray();
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsStatementsPath(IReadOnlyList<string> path)
+        => path.Count >= 1 && path[^1] == "statements";
+
+    private static bool IsActionsPath(IReadOnlyList<string> path)
+        => path.Count >= 1 && path[^1] == "actions";
+
+    private static bool IsConditionsPath(IReadOnlyList<string> path)
+        => path.Count >= 1 && path[^1] == "conditions";
+
+    private static string GetStatementSortKey(JsonElement element)
+    {
+        if (element.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object && element.TryGetProperty("id", out var id) && id.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String)
+        {
+            return id.GetString() ?? string.Empty;
+        }
+
+        return string.Empty;
+    }
+
+    private static string GetConditionSortKey(JsonElement element)
+    {
+        var field = element.TryGetProperty("field", out var f) && f.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String
+            ? f.GetString() ?? string.Empty
+            : string.Empty;
+
+        var op = element.TryGetProperty("operator", out var o) && o.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String
+            ? o.GetString() ?? string.Empty
+            : string.Empty;
+
+        var value = element.TryGetProperty("value", out var v)
+            ? CanonicalScalar(v)
+            : string.Empty;
+
+        return string.Create(field.Length + op.Length + value.Length + 2, (field, op, value),
+            static (span, state) =>
+            {
+                var (field, op, value) = state;
+                var offset = 0;
+                field.AsSpan().CopyTo(span);
+                offset += field.Length;
+                span[offset++] = '\u0001';
+                op.AsSpan().CopyTo(span[offset..]);
+                offset += op.Length;
+                span[offset++] = '\u0001';
+                value.AsSpan().CopyTo(span[offset..]);
+            });
+    }
+
+    private static string CanonicalScalar(JsonElement element)
+    {
+        return element.ValueKind switch
+        {
+            JsonValueKind.String => element.GetString() ?? string.Empty,
+            JsonValueKind.Number => element.GetRawText(),
+            JsonValueKind.True => "true",
+            JsonValueKind.False => "false",
+            JsonValueKind.Null => "null",
+            _ => element.GetRawText(),
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static IReadOnlyList<string> Append(IReadOnlyList<string> path, string segment)
+    {
+        if (path.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return new[] { segment };
+        }
+
+        var next = new string[path.Count + 1];
+        for (var i = 0; i < path.Count; i++)
+        {
+            next[i] = path[i];
+        }
+
+        next[^1] = segment;
+        return next;
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/SplLayeringEngine.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides deterministic layering/override semantics for SPL (Stella Policy Language) documents.
+/// Overlay statements replace base statements with the same <c>id</c>; metadata labels/annotations merge with overlay precedence.
+/// The merged output is returned in canonicalized JSON form so hashes remain stable.
+/// </summary>
+public static class SplLayeringEngine
+{
+    private static readonly JsonDocumentOptions DocumentOptions = new()
+    {
+        AllowTrailingCommas = true,
+        CommentHandling = JsonCommentHandling.Skip,
+    };
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Merge two SPL documents and return canonical JSON (sorted properties/statements/actions/conditions).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string Merge(string basePolicyJson, string overlayPolicyJson)
+    {
+        if (basePolicyJson is null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(basePolicyJson));
+        if (overlayPolicyJson is null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(overlayPolicyJson));
+
+        var merged = MergeToUtf8(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(basePolicyJson), Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(overlayPolicyJson));
+        return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(merged);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Merge two SPL documents and return canonical UTF-8 bytes.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static byte[] MergeToUtf8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> basePolicyUtf8, ReadOnlySpan<byte> overlayPolicyUtf8)
+    {
+        var merged = MergeToJsonNode(basePolicyUtf8, overlayPolicyUtf8);
+        var raw = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(merged.ToJsonString(new JsonSerializerOptions
+        {
+            WriteIndented = false,
+            PropertyNamingPolicy = null,
+        }));
+
+        return SplCanonicalizer.CanonicalizeToUtf8(raw);
+    }
+
+    private static JsonNode MergeToJsonNode(ReadOnlySpan<byte> basePolicyUtf8, ReadOnlySpan<byte> overlayPolicyUtf8)
+    {
+        using var baseDoc = JsonDocument.Parse(basePolicyUtf8, DocumentOptions);
+        using var overlayDoc = JsonDocument.Parse(overlayPolicyUtf8, DocumentOptions);
+
+        var baseRoot = baseDoc.RootElement;
+        var overlayRoot = overlayDoc.RootElement;
+
+        var result = new JsonObject();
+
+        // apiVersion/kind: overlay wins if present, else base.
+        result["apiVersion"] = overlayRoot.TryGetProperty("apiVersion", out var apiVersion)
+            ? apiVersion.GetString()
+            : baseRoot.GetPropertyOrNull("apiVersion")?.GetString();
+
+        result["kind"] = overlayRoot.TryGetProperty("kind", out var kind)
+            ? kind.GetString()
+            : baseRoot.GetPropertyOrNull("kind")?.GetString();
+
+        result["metadata"] = MergeMetadata(baseRoot.GetPropertyOrNull("metadata"), overlayRoot.GetPropertyOrNull("metadata"));
+
+        var mergedSpec = MergeSpec(baseRoot.GetPropertyOrNull("spec"), overlayRoot.GetPropertyOrNull("spec"));
+        if (mergedSpec is not null)
+        {
+            result["spec"] = mergedSpec;
+        }
+
+        // Preserve any other top-level fields with overlay precedence.
+        CopyUnknownProperties(baseRoot, result, skipNames: new[] { "apiVersion", "kind", "metadata", "spec" });
+        CopyUnknownProperties(overlayRoot, result, skipNames: new[] { "apiVersion", "kind", "metadata", "spec" });
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObject MergeSpec(JsonElement? baseSpec, JsonElement? overlaySpec)
+    {
+        var spec = new JsonObject();
+
+        if (baseSpec is { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object } b)
+        {
+            CopyAllProperties(b, spec);
+        }
+
+        if (overlaySpec is { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object } o)
+        {
+            CopyAllProperties(o, spec);
+        }
+
+        // defaultEffect: overlay wins, else base, else schema default "deny".
+        spec["defaultEffect"] = overlaySpec?.GetPropertyOrNull("defaultEffect")?.GetString()
+            ?? baseSpec?.GetPropertyOrNull("defaultEffect")?.GetString()
+            ?? "deny";
+
+        var mergedStatements = MergeStatements(baseSpec, overlaySpec);
+        spec["statements"] = mergedStatements;
+
+        return spec;
+    }
+
+    private static JsonArray MergeStatements(JsonElement? baseSpec, JsonElement? overlaySpec)
+    {
+        var statements = new Dictionary<string, JsonNode>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+        void AddRange(JsonElement? spec)
+        {
+            if (spec is not { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object }) return;
+            if (!spec.Value.TryGetProperty("statements", out var stmts) || stmts.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.Array) return;
+
+            foreach (var statement in stmts.EnumerateArray())
+            {
+                if (statement.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.Object) continue;
+                if (!statement.TryGetProperty("id", out var idProp) || idProp.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.String) continue;
+                var id = idProp.GetString() ?? string.Empty;
+                statements[id] = JsonNode.Parse(statement.GetRawText())!; // replace if already present
+            }
+        }
+
+        AddRange(baseSpec);
+        AddRange(overlaySpec);
+
+        var merged = new JsonArray();
+        foreach (var kvp in statements.OrderBy(k => k.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            merged.Add(kvp.Value);
+        }
+
+        return merged;
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObject MergeMetadata(JsonElement? baseMeta, JsonElement? overlayMeta)
+    {
+        var meta = new JsonObject();
+
+        if (baseMeta is { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object } b)
+        {
+            CopyAllProperties(b, meta);
+        }
+
+        if (overlayMeta is { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object } o)
+        {
+            CopyAllProperties(o, meta);
+        }
+
+        meta["labels"] = MergeStringMap(
+            baseMeta.GetPropertyOrNull("labels"),
+            overlayMeta.GetPropertyOrNull("labels"));
+
+        meta["annotations"] = MergeStringMap(
+            baseMeta.GetPropertyOrNull("annotations"),
+            overlayMeta.GetPropertyOrNull("annotations"));
+
+        return meta;
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObject MergeStringMap(JsonElement? baseMap, JsonElement? overlayMap)
+    {
+        var map = new JsonObject();
+
+        if (baseMap is { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object } b)
+        {
+            CopyAllProperties(b, map);
+        }
+
+        if (overlayMap is { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object } o)
+        {
+            CopyAllProperties(o, map);
+        }
+
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    private static void CopyAllProperties(JsonElement element, JsonObject target)
+    {
+        foreach (var property in element.EnumerateObject())
+        {
+            target[property.Name] = JsonNode.Parse(property.Value.GetRawText());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void CopyUnknownProperties(JsonElement element, JsonObject target, string[] skipNames)
+    {
+        var skip = new HashSet<string>(skipNames, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        foreach (var property in element.EnumerateObject())
+        {
+            if (skip.Contains(property.Name))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            target[property.Name] = JsonNode.Parse(property.Value.GetRawText());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static JsonElement? GetPropertyOrNull(this JsonElement? element, string name)
+    {
+        if (element is not { ValueKind: JsonValueKind.Object })
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return element.Value.TryGetProperty(name, out var value) ? value : (JsonElement?)null;
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/SplMigrationTool.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.Immutable;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Converts legacy <see cref="PolicyDocument"/> instances to SPL (Stella Policy Language) JSON packs.
+/// Output is canonicalised for deterministic hashing and downstream packaging.
+/// </summary>
+public static class SplMigrationTool
+{
+    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions SerializerOptions = new()
+    {
+        WriteIndented = false,
+        PropertyNamingPolicy = null,
+    };
+
+    public static string ToSplPolicyJson(PolicyDocument document)
+    {
+        if (document is null)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(document));
+        }
+
+        var node = BuildNode(document);
+        var utf8 = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(node.ToJsonString(SerializerOptions));
+        var canonical = SplCanonicalizer.CanonicalizeToUtf8(utf8);
+        return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(canonical);
+    }
+
+    private static JsonNode BuildNode(PolicyDocument document)
+    {
+        var root = new JsonObject
+        {
+            ["apiVersion"] = "spl.stellaops/v1",
+            ["kind"] = "Policy",
+            ["metadata"] = BuildMetadata(document.Metadata),
+            ["spec"] = BuildSpec(document)
+        };
+
+        return root;
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObject BuildMetadata(ImmutableDictionary<string, string> metadata)
+    {
+        var labels = new JsonObject();
+        foreach (var pair in metadata.OrderBy(static p => p.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            labels[pair.Key] = pair.Value;
+        }
+
+        return new JsonObject
+        {
+            ["name"] = labels.TryGetPropertyValue("name", out var nameNode) && nameNode is JsonValue ? nameNode : null,
+            ["labels"] = labels
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObject BuildSpec(PolicyDocument document)
+    {
+        var statements = new JsonArray();
+        foreach (var rule in document.Rules.OrderBy(static r => r.Identifier ?? r.Name, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            statements.Add(BuildStatement(rule));
+        }
+
+        var spec = new JsonObject
+        {
+            ["defaultEffect"] = "deny",
+            ["statements"] = statements
+        };
+
+        return spec;
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObject BuildStatement(PolicyRule rule)
+    {
+        var id = rule.Identifier ?? Slug(rule.Name);
+        var effect = MapEffect(rule.Action.Type);
+
+        var statement = new JsonObject
+        {
+            ["id"] = id,
+            ["effect"] = effect,
+            ["match"] = BuildMatch(rule.Match)
+        };
+
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(rule.Description))
+        {
+            statement["description"] = rule.Description;
+        }
+
+        if (rule.Action.Type is PolicyActionType.Warn or PolicyActionType.Defer or PolicyActionType.Ignore)
+        {
+            statement["audit"] = new JsonObject
+            {
+                ["message"] = rule.Justification ?? rule.Name,
+                ["severity"] = rule.Action.Type == PolicyActionType.Warn ? "warn" : "info"
+            };
+        }
+
+        return statement;
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObject BuildMatch(PolicyRuleMatchCriteria match)
+    {
+        var actions = new JsonArray();
+        var resources = new JsonArray();
+
+        foreach (var pkg in match.Packages)
+        {
+            resources.Add(pkg);
+            actions.Add("use");
+        }
+
+        foreach (var path in match.Paths)
+        {
+            resources.Add(path);
+            actions.Add("access");
+        }
+
+        // Ensure at least one action + resource to satisfy SPL schema.
+        if (resources.Count == 0)
+        {
+            resources.Add("*");
+            actions.Add("read");
+        }
+
+        return new JsonObject
+        {
+            ["resource"] = resources[0],
+            ["actions"] = actions
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static string MapEffect(PolicyActionType type) => type switch
+    {
+        PolicyActionType.Block => "deny",
+        PolicyActionType.Escalate => "deny",
+        PolicyActionType.RequireVex => "deny",
+        _ => "allow",
+    };
+
+    private static string Slug(string name)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name))
+        {
+            return "unnamed";
+        }
+
+        var chars = name.ToLowerInvariant()
+            .Select(ch => char.IsLetterOrDigit(ch) ? ch : '-')
+            .ToArray();
+
+        var slug = new string(chars);
+        while (slug.Contains("--", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            slug = slug.Replace("--", "-", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        }
+
+        return slug.Trim('-');
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/SplSchemaResource.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy;
+
+public static class SplSchemaResource
+{
+    private const string SchemaResourceName = "StellaOps.Policy.Schemas.spl-schema@1.json";
+    private const string SampleResourceName = "StellaOps.Policy.Schemas.spl-sample@1.json";
+
+    public static Stream OpenSchemaStream()
+    {
+        return OpenResourceStream(SchemaResourceName);
+    }
+
+    public static string ReadSchemaJson()
+    {
+        using var stream = OpenSchemaStream();
+        using var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, detectEncodingFromByteOrderMarks: true);
+        return reader.ReadToEnd();
+    }
+
+    public static Stream OpenSampleStream()
+    {
+        return OpenResourceStream(SampleResourceName);
+    }
+
+    public static string ReadSampleJson()
+    {
+        using var stream = OpenSampleStream();
+        using var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, detectEncodingFromByteOrderMarks: true);
+        return reader.ReadToEnd();
+    }
+
+    private static Stream OpenResourceStream(string resourceName)
+    {
+        var assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+        var stream = assembly.GetManifestResourceStream(resourceName);
+        if (stream is null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unable to locate embedded resource '{resourceName}'.");
+        }
+
+        return stream;
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/StellaOps.Policy.csproj

@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@
     <PackageReference Include="JsonSchema.Net" Version="5.3.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\policy-schema@1.json" />
-    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\policy-scoring-default.json" />
-    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\policy-scoring-schema@1.json" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-</Project>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\policy-schema@1.json" />
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\policy-scoring-default.json" />
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\policy-scoring-schema@1.json" />
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\spl-schema@1.json" />
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Schemas\spl-sample@1.json" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>

src/Policy/__Libraries/StellaOps.Policy/TASKS.completed.md

@@ -3,3 +3,8 @@
 | ID | Status | Owner(s) | Depends on | Description | Exit Criteria |
 |----|--------|----------|------------|-------------|---------------|
 | POLICY-EXC-25-001 | DONE (2025-10-27) | Policy Guild, Governance Guild | POLICY-SPL-23-001 | Extend SPL schema/spec to reference exception effects and routing templates; publish updated docs and validation fixtures. | Schema updated with exception references; validation tests cover effect types; docs draft ready. |
+| POLICY-SPL-23-001 | DONE (2025-11-25) | Policy Guild | — | Define SPL v1 schema + fixtures; embed schema/sample in `StellaOps.Policy` with loader helper. | `spl-schema@1.json` and `spl-sample@1.json` embedded; `SplSchemaResource` exposes schema/sample; sprint 0128 task closed. |
+| POLICY-SPL-23-002 | DONE (2025-11-26) | Policy Guild | POLICY-SPL-23-001 | Canonicalizer + content hashing for SPL policies. | Order-stable canonicalizer (statements/actions/conditions), SHA-256 digest helper, and unit tests in `SplCanonicalizerTests`. |
+| POLICY-SPL-23-003 | DONE (2025-11-26) | Policy Guild | POLICY-SPL-23-002 | Layering/override engine + tests. | `SplLayeringEngine` merges base/overlay with deterministic output and metadata merge; covered by `SplLayeringEngineTests`. |
+| POLICY-SPL-23-004 | DONE (2025-11-26) | Policy Guild, Audit Guild | POLICY-SPL-23-003 | Explanation tree model + persistence hooks. | `PolicyExplanation`/`PolicyExplanationNode` produced from evaluation with structured nodes; persistence ready for follow-on wiring. |
+| POLICY-SPL-23-005 | DONE (2025-11-26) | Policy Guild, DevEx Guild | POLICY-SPL-23-004 | Migration tool to baseline SPL packs. | `SplMigrationTool` converts PolicyDocument to canonical SPL JSON; covered by `SplMigrationToolTests`. |

src/Policy/__Tests/StellaOps.Policy.Tests/PolicyEvaluationTests.cs

@@ -34,16 +34,20 @@ public sealed class PolicyEvaluationTests
             source: "community",
             tags: ImmutableArray.Create("reachability:indirect"));
 
-        var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, config, finding);
+        var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, config, finding, out var explanation);
 
-        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Blocked, verdict.Status);
-        Assert.Equal(19.5, verdict.Score, 3);
-
-        var inputs = verdict.GetInputs();
-        Assert.Equal(50, inputs["severityWeight"]);
-        Assert.Equal(0.65, inputs["trustWeight"], 3);
-        Assert.Equal(0.6, inputs["reachabilityWeight"], 3);
-        Assert.Equal(19.5, inputs["baseScore"], 3);
+        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Blocked, verdict.Status);
+        Assert.Equal(19.5, verdict.Score, 3);
+
+        var inputs = verdict.GetInputs();
+        Assert.Equal(50, inputs["severityWeight"]);
+        Assert.Equal(0.65, inputs["trustWeight"], 3);
+        Assert.Equal(0.6, inputs["reachabilityWeight"], 3);
+        Assert.Equal(19.5, inputs["baseScore"], 3);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(explanation);
+        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Blocked, explanation!.Decision);
+        Assert.Equal("BlockMedium", explanation.RuleName);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -79,17 +83,20 @@ public sealed class PolicyEvaluationTests
             PolicySeverity.Critical,
             tags: ImmutableArray.Create("reachability:entrypoint"));
 
-        var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, config, finding);
+        var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, config, finding, out var explanation);
 
-        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Ignored, verdict.Status);
-        Assert.True(verdict.Quiet);
-        Assert.Equal("QuietIgnore", verdict.QuietedBy);
-        Assert.Equal(10, verdict.Score, 3);
-
-        var inputs = verdict.GetInputs();
-        Assert.Equal(90, inputs["baseScore"], 3);
-        Assert.Equal(config.IgnorePenalty, inputs["ignorePenalty"]);
-        Assert.Equal(config.QuietPenalty, inputs["quietPenalty"]);
+        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Ignored, verdict.Status);
+        Assert.True(verdict.Quiet);
+        Assert.Equal("QuietIgnore", verdict.QuietedBy);
+        Assert.Equal(10, verdict.Score, 3);
+
+        var inputs = verdict.GetInputs();
+        Assert.Equal(90, inputs["baseScore"], 3);
+        Assert.Equal(config.IgnorePenalty, inputs["ignorePenalty"]);
+        Assert.Equal(config.QuietPenalty, inputs["quietPenalty"]);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(explanation);
+        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Ignored, explanation!.Decision);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -121,16 +128,19 @@ public sealed class PolicyEvaluationTests
             PolicySeverity.Unknown,
             tags: ImmutableArray.Create("reachability:unknown", "unknown-age-days:5"));
 
-        var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, config, finding);
+        var verdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(document, config, finding, out var explanation);
 
-        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Blocked, verdict.Status);
-        Assert.Equal(30, verdict.Score, 3); // 60 * 1 * 0.5
-        Assert.Equal(0.55, verdict.UnknownConfidence ?? 0, 3);
-        Assert.Equal("medium", verdict.ConfidenceBand);
-        Assert.Equal(5, verdict.UnknownAgeDays ?? 0, 3);
-
-        var inputs = verdict.GetInputs();
-        Assert.Equal(0.55, inputs["unknownConfidence"], 3);
-        Assert.Equal(5, inputs["unknownAgeDays"], 3);
-    }
-}
+        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Blocked, verdict.Status);
+        Assert.Equal(30, verdict.Score, 3); // 60 * 1 * 0.5
+        Assert.Equal(0.55, verdict.UnknownConfidence ?? 0, 3);
+        Assert.Equal("medium", verdict.ConfidenceBand);
+        Assert.Equal(5, verdict.UnknownAgeDays ?? 0, 3);
+
+        var inputs = verdict.GetInputs();
+        Assert.Equal(0.55, inputs["unknownConfidence"], 3);
+        Assert.Equal(5, inputs["unknownAgeDays"], 3);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(explanation);
+        Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Blocked, explanation!.Decision);
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Tests/StellaOps.Policy.Tests/PolicyPreviewServiceTests.cs

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ rules:
         Assert.True(snapshot!.Document.Rules[0].Action.Quiet);
         Assert.Null(snapshot.Document.Rules[0].Action.RequireVex);
         Assert.Equal(PolicyActionType.Ignore, snapshot.Document.Rules[0].Action.Type);
-        var manualVerdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(snapshot.Document, snapshot.ScoringConfig, PolicyFinding.Create("finding-quiet", PolicySeverity.Low));
+        var manualVerdict = PolicyEvaluation.EvaluateFinding(snapshot.Document, snapshot.ScoringConfig, PolicyFinding.Create("finding-quiet", PolicySeverity.Low), out _);
         Assert.Equal(PolicyVerdictStatus.Warned, manualVerdict.Status);
 
         var service = new PolicyPreviewService(store, NullLogger<PolicyPreviewService>.Instance);

src/Policy/__Tests/StellaOps.Policy.Tests/PolicyValidationCliTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using StellaOps.Policy;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy.Tests;
+
+public class PolicyValidationCliTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task RunAsync_EmitsCanonicalDigest_OnValidPolicy()
+    {
+        var tmp = Path.GetTempFileName();
+        try
+        {
+            await File.WriteAllTextAsync(tmp, """
+            {
+              "apiVersion": "spl.stellaops/v1",
+              "kind": "Policy",
+              "metadata": { "name": "demo" },
+              "spec": {
+                "defaultEffect": "deny",
+                "statements": [
+                  { "id": "ALLOW", "effect": "allow", "match": { "resource": "*", "actions": ["read"] } }
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+            """);
+
+            var options = new PolicyValidationCliOptions
+            {
+                Inputs = new[] { tmp },
+                OutputJson = false,
+                Strict = false,
+            };
+
+            using var output = new StringWriter();
+            using var error = new StringWriter();
+            var cli = new PolicyValidationCli(output, error);
+
+            var exit = await cli.RunAsync(options);
+
+            exit.Should().Be(0);
+            var text = output.ToString();
+            text.Should().Contain("OK");
+            text.Should().Contain("canonical.spl.digest:");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            File.Delete(tmp);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Tests/StellaOps.Policy.Tests/SplCanonicalizerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+using StellaOps.Policy;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy.Tests;
+
+public class SplCanonicalizerTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Canonicalize_SortsStatementsActionsAndConditions()
+    {
+        const string input = """
+        {
+          "kind": "Policy",
+          "apiVersion": "spl.stellaops/v1",
+          "spec": {
+            "statements": [
+              {
+                "effect": "deny",
+                "id": "B-2",
+                "match": {
+                  "resource": "/accounts/*",
+                  "actions": ["delete", "read"]
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "description": "desc",
+                "effect": "allow",
+                "id": "A-1",
+                "match": {
+                  "actions": ["write", "read"],
+                  "resource": "/accounts/*",
+                  "conditions": [
+                    {"operator": "gte", "value": 2, "field": "tier"},
+                    {"field": "env", "value": "prod", "operator": "eq"}
+                  ]
+                },
+                "audit": {"severity": "warn", "message": "audit msg"}
+              }
+            ],
+            "defaultEffect": "deny"
+          },
+          "metadata": {
+            "labels": {"env": "prod"},
+            "annotations": {"a": "1"},
+            "name": "demo"
+          }
+        }
+        """;
+
+        var canonical = SplCanonicalizer.CanonicalizeToString(input);
+
+        const string expected = "{\"apiVersion\":\"spl.stellaops/v1\",\"kind\":\"Policy\",\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{\"a\":\"1\"},\"labels\":{\"env\":\"prod\"},\"name\":\"demo\"},\"spec\":{\"defaultEffect\":\"deny\",\"statements\":[{\"audit\":{\"message\":\"audit msg\",\"severity\":\"warn\"},\"description\":\"desc\",\"effect\":\"allow\",\"id\":\"A-1\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"read\",\"write\"],\"conditions\":[{\"field\":\"env\",\"operator\":\"eq\",\"value\":\"prod\"},{\"field\":\"tier\",\"operator\":\"gte\",\"value\":2}],\"resource\":\"/accounts/*\"}},{\"effect\":\"deny\",\"id\":\"B-2\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"delete\",\"read\"],\"resource\":\"/accounts/*\"}}]}}}";
+
+        Assert.Equal(expected, canonical);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ComputeDigest_IgnoresOrderingNoise()
+    {
+        const string versionA = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"spec":{"defaultEffect":"deny","statements":[{"id":"B","effect":"deny","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["write","read"]}},{"id":"A","effect":"allow","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read"],"conditions":[{"field":"env","operator":"eq","value":"prod"}]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        const string versionB = """
+        {"spec":{"statements":[{"match":{"actions":["read"],"resource":"/r","conditions":[{"value":"prod","operator":"eq","field":"env"}]},"effect":"allow","id":"A"},{"match":{"actions":["read","write"],"resource":"/r"},"effect":"deny","id":"B"}],"defaultEffect":"deny"},"kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1"}
+        """;
+
+        var hashA = SplCanonicalizer.ComputeDigest(versionA);
+        var hashB = SplCanonicalizer.ComputeDigest(versionB);
+
+        Assert.Equal(hashA, hashB);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ComputeDigest_DetectsContentChange()
+    {
+        const string baseDoc = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"spec":{"statements":[{"id":"A","effect":"allow","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read"]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        const string changedDoc = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"spec":{"statements":[{"id":"A","effect":"allow","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read","write"]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        var original = SplCanonicalizer.ComputeDigest(baseDoc);
+        var changed = SplCanonicalizer.ComputeDigest(changedDoc);
+
+        Assert.NotEqual(original, changed);
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Tests/StellaOps.Policy.Tests/SplLayeringEngineTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using StellaOps.Policy;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy.Tests;
+
+public class SplLayeringEngineTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Merge_ReplacesStatementsById_AndKeepsBaseOnes()
+    {
+        const string baseDoc = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"spec":{"defaultEffect":"deny","statements":[{"id":"A","effect":"allow","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read"]}}, {"id":"B","effect":"deny","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["write"]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        const string overlay = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"spec":{"statements":[{"id":"A","effect":"deny","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read","write"]}}, {"id":"C","effect":"allow","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read"]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        var merged = SplLayeringEngine.Merge(baseDoc, overlay);
+
+        const string expected = "{\"apiVersion\":\"spl.stellaops/v1\",\"kind\":\"Policy\",\"metadata\":{\"name\":\"demo\"},\"spec\":{\"defaultEffect\":\"deny\",\"statements\":[{\"effect\":\"deny\",\"id\":\"A\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"read\",\"write\"],\"resource\":\"/r\"}},{\"effect\":\"deny\",\"id\":\"B\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"write\"],\"resource\":\"/r\"}},{\"effect\":\"allow\",\"id\":\"C\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"read\"],\"resource\":\"/r\"}}]}}";
+
+        Assert.Equal(expected, merged);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Merge_MergesMetadataAndDefaultEffect()
+    {
+        const string baseDoc = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo","labels":{"env":"dev"}},"spec":{"defaultEffect":"deny","statements":[{"id":"A","effect":"allow","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read"]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        const string overlay = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"labels":{"env":"prod","tier":"gold"}},"spec":{"defaultEffect":"allow","statements":[{"id":"B","effect":"deny","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["write"]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        var merged = SplLayeringEngine.Merge(baseDoc, overlay);
+
+        const string expected = "{\"apiVersion\":\"spl.stellaops/v1\",\"kind\":\"Policy\",\"metadata\":{\"labels\":{\"env\":\"prod\",\"tier\":\"gold\"},\"name\":\"demo\"},\"spec\":{\"defaultEffect\":\"allow\",\"statements\":[{\"effect\":\"allow\",\"id\":\"A\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"read\"],\"resource\":\"/r\"}},{\"effect\":\"deny\",\"id\":\"B\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"write\"],\"resource\":\"/r\"}}]}}";
+
+        Assert.Equal(expected, merged);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Merge_PreservesUnknownTopLevelAndSpecFields()
+    {
+        const string baseDoc = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"extras":{"foo":1},"spec":{"defaultEffect":"deny","statements":[{"id":"A","effect":"allow","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["read"]}}],"extensions":{"bar":true}}}
+        """;
+
+        const string overlay = """
+        {"apiVersion":"spl.stellaops/v1","kind":"Policy","metadata":{"name":"demo"},"spec":{"statements":[{"id":"B","effect":"deny","match":{"resource":"/r","actions":["write"]}}]}}
+        """;
+
+        var merged = SplLayeringEngine.Merge(baseDoc, overlay);
+
+        using var doc = JsonDocument.Parse(merged);
+        var root = doc.RootElement;
+
+        Assert.True(root.TryGetProperty("extras", out var extras) && extras.TryGetProperty("foo", out var foo) && foo.GetInt32() == 1);
+        Assert.True(root.GetProperty("spec").TryGetProperty("extensions", out var extensions) && extensions.TryGetProperty("bar", out var bar) && bar.GetBoolean());
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Tests/StellaOps.Policy.Tests/SplMigrationToolTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+using System.Collections.Immutable;
+using StellaOps.Policy;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy.Tests;
+
+public class SplMigrationToolTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void ToSplPolicyJson_ConvertsRulesAndMetadata()
+    {
+        var rule = PolicyRule.Create(
+            name: "Block CVE",
+            action: new PolicyAction(PolicyActionType.Block, null, null, null, false),
+            severities: ImmutableArray.Create(PolicySeverity.Critical),
+            environments: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            sources: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            vendors: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            licenses: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            tags: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            match: PolicyRuleMatchCriteria.Create(
+                ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+                ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+                ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+                ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+                ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+                ImmutableArray.Create("/app"),
+                ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+                ImmutableArray<string>.Empty),
+            expires: null,
+            justification: "block it",
+            identifier: "RULE-1");
+
+        var document = new PolicyDocument(
+            PolicySchema.CurrentVersion,
+            ImmutableArray.Create(rule),
+            ImmutableDictionary<string, string>.Empty.Add("name", "demo"),
+            PolicyExceptionConfiguration.Empty);
+
+        var spl = SplMigrationTool.ToSplPolicyJson(document);
+
+        const string expected = "{\"apiVersion\":\"spl.stellaops/v1\",\"kind\":\"Policy\",\"metadata\":{\"labels\":{\"name\":\"demo\"},\"name\":\"demo\"},\"spec\":{\"defaultEffect\":\"deny\",\"statements\":[{\"effect\":\"deny\",\"id\":\"RULE-1\",\"match\":{\"actions\":[\"access\"],\"resource\":\"/app\"}}]}}";
+
+        Assert.Equal(expected, spl);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ToSplPolicyJson_UsesOverlaySafeIdsAndAudits()
+    {
+        var rule = PolicyRule.Create(
+            name: "Warn entrypoint",
+            action: new PolicyAction(PolicyActionType.Warn, null, null, null, true),
+            severities: ImmutableArray.Create(PolicySeverity.Low),
+            environments: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            sources: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            vendors: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            licenses: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            tags: ImmutableArray<string>.Empty,
+            match: PolicyRuleMatchCriteria.Empty,
+            expires: null,
+            justification: "soft warning");
+
+        var document = new PolicyDocument(
+            PolicySchema.CurrentVersion,
+            ImmutableArray.Create(rule),
+            ImmutableDictionary<string, string>.Empty,
+            PolicyExceptionConfiguration.Empty);
+
+        var spl = SplMigrationTool.ToSplPolicyJson(document);
+
+        const string expectedId = "warn-entrypoint";
+        Assert.Contains(expectedId, spl);
+        Assert.Contains("\"audit\":{\"message\":\"soft warning\",\"severity\":\"warn\"}", spl);
+    }
+}

src/Policy/__Tests/StellaOps.Policy.Tests/SplSchemaResourceTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+using System.Text.Json;
+using StellaOps.Policy;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace StellaOps.Policy.Tests;
+
+public class SplSchemaResourceTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Schema_IncludesReachabilityAndExploitability()
+    {
+        var schema = SplSchemaResource.GetSchema();
+        using var doc = JsonDocument.Parse(schema);
+        var match = doc.RootElement
+            .GetProperty("properties")
+            .GetProperty("spec")
+            .GetProperty("properties")
+            .GetProperty("statements")
+            .GetProperty("items")
+            .GetProperty("properties")
+            .GetProperty("match")
+            .GetProperty("properties");
+
+        Assert.True(match.TryGetProperty("reachability", out var reachability));
+        Assert.Equal(JsonValueKind.Object, reachability.ValueKind);
+        Assert.True(match.TryGetProperty("exploitability", out var exploitability));
+        Assert.Equal(JsonValueKind.Object, exploitability.ValueKind);
+    }
+}